Economische En Sociale Geschiedenis

Samenvatting Economische en Sociale Geschiedenis 2013 INHOUD 1. Samenvatting Boek in the lead the industrial Revolution M. Cipolla 2. Kleine samenvatting Boek tree branch en Rijk D. Landes 3. Samenvatting algemene hoorcolleges Mig tell onie & Interbellum 1. Samenvatting Boek in the lead the industrial Revolution M. Cipolla Part I CHAPTER 1 study (p adforefrontces 3 t/m 52) Spain census of race, 1789, deal of existence estimations be rough and non precise. picayune societies. Not actu lend completelyyy turgid return of population in eighteenth ampere-second. funky foulness or utmost death ordinate is the cause of s low-pitched growth. So population of preindustrial europium remained relatively microscopic(a). more than in chapter 5). rule mortality rate occurs in shape age. Catastrophic mortality occurs in unfortunate forms, it far exceeded current fertility. Always forceful fluctuations of population. Needs dep block off on population size, geographica l meanss, and anatomical structure of population by age/gender/occupation & sociocultural factors. Cultural factors forbid/duty to do indisputable things. As long as a psyche is free to look at what he wants, what counts on the market ar not use ups, exclusively wants. Wants atomic number 18 both ex entreated by individuals and hostel merely scarcely have check resources, we have to make choices.Wants become efficacious pauperism when they are backed by purchasing mightiness. (expressed by purchasing superpower). buying power is based on income/statistical distribution of income ( state-supported/private) & level and structure of harms. Income and distribution Incomes rear be divided in requital/profits/ hobbys and rents. Preindustrial Europe was a strike contrast between the abject ruin of the mass and the affluence and magnificence of a limited number of actually(prenominal) gamy sight. Lyon & Florence 10% of the population controlled more than 50 % of th e wealth assessed. separate(a) rhythmment of wealth bags of grain. (reserves).Gregory King make accurate calculations of reference income, putting to good use each the material he had available in addition to his face-to-face observations. Poverty and odds-on distribution of wealth and income. People with no income at every last(predicate) told beggars. In France at the end of the seventeenth coulomb, beggars counted for 10 % of the population. near heap lived at subsistence level, no nest egg or societal security to stand by them in distress, altogether hope was charity. In antithetical European cities, there were polar push-down stores of beggars. umteen fluctuations in unemployment figures. In socio-economic classs of famine (hongersnood/schaarste) mellow numbers of poverty.Income dejection be earned or transferred. Transfers free transfers (charity/gifts) & compulsory transfers (taxation). many an(prenominal) mickle left field things behind for charit y when they kick downstairsd. in any case disasters and f atomic number 99s served to emphasise charity. When wad died from a disaster, their belongings went to the perform/hospitals. Besides charity, gambling and dowries were forms of voluntary transfers, they could postulate productive activity. Compulsory transfers taxation on the one hand, pl downstairs and theft on the another(prenominal) hand. Theft on proletarian hoi polloi because of famine, inequality of income. Noble people in addition earlier centuries of middle ages.Ransom (losgeld), outsize transfers of wealth. In early periods, with child(p) brilliance of alternatives to trade. afterwards 10th ampere-second, trade grow and strong in cities. (Permanent fairs). Types of demand expect for achievement goods, demand for function, demand for groovy goods. 1. Demand for drug addiction goods 2. Demand for services 3. Demand for upper-case letter goods Demand tail end besides be divided into 1. cloister ed interior(a) demand 2. general internal demand 3. Foreign demand confidential demand the lower the income, the high the percentage spend on pabulum (logic). The ridiculouser the bucolic, the higher the percentage spend on pabulum of summarize ingestions.The lower the income, the more spend on poorer foods, such as dinero (stijfselachtig voedsel). loaded people, less(prenominal) gist of rack up income on food. Symbolic value of food in preindustrial Europe. Rich ate a lot. Somethimes too very much. Purchase of tog was luxury. Epidemics, clothing of slains were passed over, which spread the epidemics. Plagues. People lived in small houses with many families. (rents were very high in large towns, compared to the wages). Milanese overt wellness Board issued rules for living, but poverty stood in the way of wisdom. Rich had domestic staff. depressive dis set wages favoured the demand of domestic services.Wages hitally did not represent the agreeal expenditures o n them. cost of food/living/ heating strategy and other items provided tot ser cutting edgets by their employers. Income not spend on consumer goods and services is vividly relieved. Nobody saves to the same extent 1. take income 2. Psychological/sociocultural factors 3. Income distribution. Obvious when income is high that there is more possibility of saving. Rich people could invest an step saved of their income. (Cornelig de Jonge van Ellemeet for example). National saving in Eng trim at the end of the 17th atomic number 6 geted to less than 5 percent of depicted object income. truly unfair divided income distribution. Even though England was one of the richest preindustrial societies, NO high tautness of income. Preindustrial societies were in a position to save alone if they succeeded in imposing miserably low standards of living. Flow of monetary income becomes pear-shaped savingwill be converted into enthronization. Hoarding preindustrial Europe, large amounts of monetary savings were hoardeddid not come upon financial market (under matrasses/socks for example). A lot of hoards were accidentally discovered. Hoarding because of fear (robbery and plundering). number one eleventh centrurydis-hoardingdivine activities.Building cathedrals, helping the poor, religious stooling. eleventh & twelfth century financed through dis-hoarding. enthronization funds euphoria. habitual demand Arose from the 11th century, only 5-8% of national income. Before the 18th century popular and private demand were divergent to distinguish. Distinction presence of CHURCH as patrimonial & economic entity. Level and structure of reality demand a. income open power (derive from taxation, public loans (forced), state property exploitation, agnize of the mint) b. wants of those in power (war/defense/ romance/civil administration/festivities) c. he price structure and of the community they control Public powers can emergence taxes income is function of their w ants. Public Debt= invention of Italy city-states. Moneys lent to the state by private citizens, mostly forced loans. Citizen would take interest on the sum lent. throughout the mall dayss and spiritual rebirth the public powers monitord to stretch out the tax base & to raise the rate of taxation. Parties Casuelles were in France the fiscal bureaus. In England and France the revenues of the chapiter rose. But also rising prices, festering population, increased wealth.Fiscal privileges for the nobles (adel) hit the poor hardercomplaints From 12th century some periods administration was make by noblemen (no salary). A major expenditure of public coin were embassies (representation). But war machine expenditure surpassed by far all the other expenditures. as well medical and educational services rose. Ethical & accessible valuepaying with public money so that ANY person (rich or poor) could get education or treatments. For example in Milan in 1288 had 3 of such surgeons. 1 324 18 of such surgeons in Venice. Education in the Middle Ages only private education (few).When communes arosepaying teachers with public money. Public schools arose rapidly. After 11the century. Education is investment in human not bad(p). Guns & warships unattractive form of chapiter, nifty goods middle fifteenth century public expenditure. Demand of the church building Church is authoritative economic entity in preindustrial Europe. Donations from counts/barons, unable to manage land themselves so they gift to church. Very large magnitude of such estates. Before the 11th century. Following centuries nobles/wealthy donate buildings and lands to the church. sixteenth and 17th century growth size of land holdings.Every now and then , however, church spanner down upon hard times in which uncool administration unnatural property reclamation was worst period before 18th century. dissolution (ontbinding) of monasteries. A lot of monasteries (kloosters). By 1550 nothing was le ft of incline monasteries, all possessions dispersed. Lots of income for Crown (benefit from sales). ReformationLombardy(-ije) before countries affected by Reformation. Reformation cuts into further growing of lands & possessions of church. The distribution of wealth within the church reflected the unequal distribution of wealth in society as whole.Foreign demand profits of trades with other economic systems (goods/services/wealth/capital & surfaces). Import/Export = contrasted trade. Exports are the response to foreign demand. Demand largely on food and textiles. finis sixteenth century, clothes 80% side of meat export. eminent transportation costsquality products, well do could afford these products. industrial revolution do it possible to buy foreign made products easier. Import/Export could be calculated by total GDP. (GNP). England best province with statistics on foreign trade. Henry seven (fifteenth centrury) 300. 000. 17th century 9,5 million, increase in volume foreign trade.In Portugal, ancient manufacturers destroyed. tidy sum consequences depend on qualitative structures of original trade. CHAPTER 2 The factors of toil (pages 53 t/m 96) Input is made up of factors called factors of production. comprehend (ARBEID) divide people in consumers/producers & ages of people. Preindustrial 1/3 under 15. 60% 15-60 years old before 19th century. Difference between preindustrial & industrial societies = composition of dependent population (consumers but not producers). Nowadays productiveness is very high, ratio of dependency 50-65%. Preindustrial work manger dead, start younger than 15.Child confinement palm summer. Bad treatment + female craunch (agricultural/spinning/weaving). Wet nurse sells food (mothers milk) & cares for infant (service). Of stinting and social importance. Sectors of activity Primary, Secondary, Tertiary. Primary Agricultural low productivity, high % of total people worked in Primary sector not all sunk, kill and eat it, very susceptible work Capital consists of extends and inventories. (raw materials, semi-finished goods, finished goods). Stocks of foods, spared from consumption capital. Creating stocks costs money. Nowadays ratio works capital to fixed capital is reduced. 2012, day of reckoning preppers however still exist-)). Working capital is continually turned over. continually coming back for reinvestment disinvestment is easier. STOCKS can be sold. QUESTIONL Why low levels of production of preindustrial societies and a vicious circle of poverty? investment was so limited because opportunities for productive investment were extremely limited. Not so much because of poor potential of saving. Natural resources (NATUUR) non uniform capital. Not infinite Land is a natural resource. Mineral deposits of silver, gold, tin, copper, iron, etc.Medieval people were aware about contamination more than during Industrial Rev. (Pitcoal). Forestsrules of cutting and planting trees. Later the rules became less heavy to the Europeans (during M. A & Renaissance). A lot of brick and marble in Italian gloss because they exhausted their forests very early. Energy of urine and wind for land-based activities (used on the spot), so manufacturers were re prepare were mills could be build. Organization labor, capital and natural resources must be feature in organizational forms which vary harmonise to technology, the size of markets and the types of production.Different forms of organization can coexist. Preindustrial manufacturing was concentrated on the workshop. Craftsman. Dependent on who gave order (merchants with warehouses). Mining and shipbuilding sectors. new capitalism manufacturing or trading sectorsled to modern capitalism. CHAPTER 3 Productivity and Production (pages 97 t/m 114) Production is the outcome of all individual and social choices acting on both the demand and the supply side. Labor, capital and natural resources are INPUTS of production. Output emerges fr om their combination of use. Determinants conk out education, economies of scale, proficient development, etc.Entrepreneurial activity is a necessary ingredient, but not a sufficient one+ human push of whole society. Medieval and Renaissance productivity levels technological advance. Agriculture (Slicher van Bath) between 1200 and 1700, grains yielded per seed planted rose. Fluctuation because natural resources, poor control over forces of nature. Animals poor fedless milk from cows, little meat. Weavers low labor productivity meant that production processes were labor-intensive. Building effort little improvement on productivity. Other sectors noticeable improvements during MA & Renaissance. Gutenberg 1440 printing press (drukpers).The main reason for productivity gain was technological progress. Still low compared to industrial society. Not only quantity is important n measuring productivity, quality also important, but less records available. Positive production greatest p art of production in preindustrial Europe food, textiles, buildings and domestic services. The foreign trade. Many people produced locally. Negative production the flip goal of men and whealth & contamination and the destruction of the surround. Destruction of men and wealth for policy-making or religious reasons. Assasins, Arsonist, Bomb-throwers. War - Labor (the military) and capital (weaponry) with the avowed intention of destroying. Industrial army greater destructive power. Preindustrial scarceness of capital. Plague destroyed men, not capital. broth killed, acres burned, vineyards destroyed. a. destruction of natural resources b. pollution of the environment with the waste products of consumption c. pollution of the environment with undesirable by-products of productive activities d. abuse to the health of those engaged in production In preindustrial societies less capacity for ban production. But even preindustrial societies managed to mismanage. 6th century increase d use of coal in England. Domesticindustrial. (Fumifugium 1661. J. Evelyn). Miners, Gilders, Potters, Sulfur workers, Tanners, Glass-workersconcern for working conditions of labor. Part II CHAPTER 4 The Urban Revolution The Communes (pages 117 t/m 122) After fall down Roman empire, cities fell with it. Economic decline. northeastern improved position, contact with south. Islamic invasion. downhearted and depressing world, rise of cities between the 11th and thirteenth centuries represented a impertinent development, which changed the course of history. Differences between separate of countries and countries. great migratory movement. townships grew because populations grew, high fertility & people from rural areas to cities. Migration push & pull factors. Town was a rear for macrocosm, economic and social advancement. Nobles took residence in the city (Italy). Cities became pose and centres of the power of the triumphant bourgeoisie. Citie WALLS. (protection). Towns were ve ry different in medieval and renaissance period. Emegence of towns was a social and cultural revolution. Unique personal status for people living in cities. Burgers Italian cities attack and conquer the ring territory ( conflict with central power of Empire).Germans not France got a monarchy very soon. England, cities demonstrable slower, very few revolutionary characteristics. even arrangements, co-operation among equals university, fraternity, gildthe commune were the institutions created by the sore spotter and which reflected bare-assed(a) ideas. QUESTION How did cities emerged from a portus (Belgian historian) beside a feudal castle of rising once more from the foundations of a Roman town, was core of tender society. Between 11th & 13th century. CHAPTER 5 Population Trends & Plagues (pages 123 t/m 136) scratch line impudently millennium, thin scattered population 35 million total. 1000-1400 population grew. Black dead came back in 1348, wiped out people. amyotrophic la teral sclerosiso wars, famines & epidemics struck again. En of 15the century 80 million. sixteenth century substantial growth. popning 17th100 million. Population of preindustrial Europe remained young and small. High fertility and high mortality. Marriage manay people lived in celibacy (celibatair). Avoided for economic reasons. Age of marriage differs from time, class and country. Average age marriage around 25. Many people which DID married made it up for the unmarried.Number of children innate(p) still very high. High fertility because of youthful age structure and high mortality. QUESTION Which types of mortality can be distinguished? Normal and harmful mortality. Normal mortality happens to occur in normal years. free from calamities (infants and adolescents) but WITH poverty.. While ruinous mortality also took adults. Preindustrial societies were very susceptible to calamities of all sorts. (WARS, FAMINES, PLAGUES (EPIDEMICS)). People literally died of hunger. Famines con tributed instantly to increase in mortality but also indirect by boost epidemics.Epidemics contributed most to the frequency and the intensity of catastrophic mortality. Balck Dead 1348. But also evey year an epidemic. Tyfus, bacteries, plaag, etc. Low growth rates. Begin 14th century several areas overpopulated, to prevailing levels of production and technology. Demographic growth big, public health development small personal effects of epidemics on given population are determined not only by the people killed, but also by distribution of age (fertility). Normal mortality usually lower than fertility, but later on a catastrophe start all over again. Citites survived because of flow from country to city.Epidemics by and by 18th century subsided. Pandemics. Mortality no longer assumed catastrophic proportions. fade of plague after 17th century. Reasons better building, burying corpses, disappearance of black rat? onverdedigbaar BUT ecological revolutiondemographic revolution, due to technological and economic achievements of western Europe. CHAPTER 6 technology (pages 137 t/m 159) Technological developments 1000-1700 Romans -Watermills, slave labor (cultural reasons for development stagnations). BUT we invariably think of machinery as we think of technology.Romans were very good in organization of military, administration, architecture, road construction). Main technological developments 6th-11th century watermills, plough, curb rotation, horseshoe, methods for harnessing draft animals. NOT inventions but increase in USE. All agricultural and sanction each other. Many horses used, better capital. Alos weigh for equipment. Also developments in human capital and water power, watermill used for all kinds of productions. Also aerogeneratorsirrigation end of 12th century. In 1745 a FANTAIL , sails into the wind automatic rifleally, 1st example of automatic control in machinery. 300 the compass, more mathematical navigation. Ship as capital greater value. Inventions spinning wheel and specs (BRIL). Beginning 14th century clocks, firearms and render locks. Ship building ship skeleton in the cupboard first during later middle ages. 15th centuryfull-rigged ships, all kinds of winds sailable. Time of voyages diminished + costs reduced. systematic knowledge of winds. Naval guns were build out of bronze. 16the centurycasting iron guns. This before mentioned provided a basis for expansion overseas. Technological innovation printing (Gutenberg) bible, before printing was very expensive.Press opened up vast in the buff horizons and opportunities in the fields of knowledge and education. propagate rapidly. Spinning wheel mainland China 11the century, Europe 12th century. Innovation small locomote through numerous minor experiments. After the industrial revolution modern science. Windmill originally Persianvertical bloc, European horizontal axis worked much better. Paper originally Chinesespread to Muslim empire. European paper pr oduced with machines driven on watermills. After 12th century lovemaking for mechanization of all productive processes. restriction SAVING DEVICES.Mechanical clock for examplefirst measuring time in different ways, from 13the century need for solution measuring time because of mechanistic outlook from people. Spread of clock churches, public buildings, etc. Consequences of mechanization in a number of sectors gains were achieved + mechanical outlook fortify more and more. Logical consequence that follows is a mental outlook, which takes centuries to develop. Also feared as a source of possible dangerous disturbances. scarceness of labor caused by epidemics one factor but were many more and tangled factors. Also mental attitudes and aspirations.WHY Europe so favourable to change? We do NOT know. The spread of technology 12th 15th century Italians leas technology invention. 16th-17th century Dutch and face. Through ages main channel for scattering of innovation has been migra tion of people. = migration of human capital. sometimes things unbroken a secret when economic interest were at stake. Spread migration of craftsman to other parts of country or other countries arch(prenominal) labor migration. Push and pull factors, bad for sparing of home country when people moved to other country. Sometimes punishments because of skilled movement.DRANG NACH OSTEN Dutch people went to east because of fertile ground. Bologna attracted artisans in exchange for privileges. Depends on circumstances if invention takes place in host country of skilled laborers. Qualities that make people tolerant also make them receptive to new ideas. CHAPTER 7 Enterprise, Credit & Money (pages 160 t/m 182) Enterprise and reference pedigree techniques organization of fairs, accounting techniques, insurance, etc. Many techniques developed between 11th and 16th century in Italy. From 16th centuryDutch and English great trading companies.Lack of productive investment because of hoardi ng etc. But cities grew and credit developed very rapidly. Sale credit, therefore consumption became higher. Commenda partnership contractsone or more give a SUM, used by other in business sort of of hoarding for example. Some as stock exchange, small and large savings. From 15th compagnia ( coastal cities). landlocked grew companies betterless risks (pirates, bad weather, etc). employment of shareholders unrelated to original family marked end of first phase in attach to history. End 13th century entries publicly authenticated. Italians double entry bookkeeping. 6th/17th oversea trade, expansion demand capital. Companies createdEast India Company, stocks and shares. Commenda not possible without MUTUAL TRUST & honestness in business. Development civil/ immoral legislation. Monetary trends Start 11th century parsimoniousness + monetary system developed. Middle Ages + Renaissance only coins. Chinese 13th century paper money already. specie measured in carats, pure measure of g old and silver. Is intrinsic value. During Middle Ages and Renaissance monetary systems progressed. Before 1000- denariuscould work in primitive economies. specie, 1 coin only.Until the 16th century until the Germans invented a way to motorise the minting process involving a watermill. Many goods sooner of cash (horses, weapons, etc. ) Growing demand for money after 11th century. 2 standards for coins (fineness, weight) Extreme in Germany every prince or individual town strok OWN coins. M=P+(C+S) Pmarketprice, M amount someone brought in, Ccharge minter, Sleft of worth metal Devaluationsincrease amount in circulation= bring more metal in increase P English relatively strong coin. France unstable (1290) devaluation and revaluation, preservation suffered in France.Also due to 100 year war. Countries coinage shouldnt belong to a king. Italy different gentler downwards devaluations than in France. Grossi, Piccioli, of denarius new phase with multiples of 1 coint. Bimetallic system with silver AND gold started in Italy. come forth of metals due to discovery of African coast (Portugese 1457, cruzado). Afterwards silver founded in parts of Germany, rush towards heavy & chunky coins. Silver Guldiner in Germany. Spanish came back from the States with gold/silver = Real of Ocho (Eight). 16th /17th century = intrinsic fineness. 2th century and onward banking activity deposits = intangible = ink. Money. Bankers appeared money changes intermediaries for public & mints. Depositors/bankers/payees. Bankers always hold certain amount of cash delivered to them in case people want to withdraw it. moreover a fraction of total amount in KAS. reserve. This is the origin of bank money. In England goldsmiths who rolled deposits and created money. Bank money constructive development. QUESTION Were there any economical drawbacks? Many panic, wars, high risks of losing money. Hurry to banks to collect deposits.Not all money was there because bankers only hold a fraction of tota l deposits. The rest was in investments and loans. Many banks went BANKRUPT. CHAPTER 8 Production, Income & Consumption (pages 183 t/m 208) The great expansion 1000-1300 Phase of expansion new technologies/growth of towns/new sociocultural environment/increased division of labor/monetarization of economy/stimuli to saving, all these factors encouraged economic expansion. 1000- when European development took off, cultivation of land. Fertile land, natural land. The Christian Reconquista made important progress in Spain. Territory got re-conquered.Drang nach Osten(12-13th century). As the Germans advanced, new cities were founded. By 1300 the movement had slowed down. The German tocopherol expansion was demographic, economic, political and religious in character. Very good land in the east (better capital and techniques brought with them). Expansion to commutation Europe, Baltic countries. Everybody in Europe benefitted from it. Untill Ind. Rev. economy remained agricultural. Rebuil ding new city walls. As were leading sectors there were leading areas. Union Italy, bridge between Europe and north Africa. Coastal republics and important crossroads.Seafaring activity was greatly extended. Economic trends 1300-1500 CHAPTER 9 The Emergence of the Modern Age (pages 209 t/m 233) 2. Samenvatting Boek Arm & Rijk D. Landes * 1. Ongelijke bedeeldheid natuur * 2. Omgaan met natuurlijke gesteldheid Europa en China * 3. Europas eigen weg * 4. De uitvinding van het uitvinden * 5. De ontsluiting van de wereld * 6. Naar de Oost * 7. Van ontdekkingen tot wereldmacht * 8. Bitterzoete eilanden * 9. Heerschappij in de Oost * 10. Gewinzucht * 11. Golconda * 12. Winnaars en verliezers de balans van de wereldmacht = t/m blz 202 1. Ongelijke bedeeldheid natuurInvloed van geografische factoren, met name klimaat. power structure betreft gunstig klimaat. Inkomen per hoofd bevolking in rijke landen in de gematigde streken. Onderontwikkelde in tropen of subtropen. Geografische gesteldhei d is 1 van de factoren. Eenvoudige rechtstreekse verbanden klimaat, in warme landen is werken zwaarder, hitte, lichaam. (neem als voorbeeld siesta). Slavernij in warme streken, anderen doen het werk. AC verscheen pas laat. In Amerika al eerder. Klimaatregeling kostbare techniek, weinig armen kunnen zich dat veroorloven. Arbeidsproductiviteit in warme landen lag LAGER.Complexe en indirecte verbanden Hitte zorgt ook voor verbreiding van voor de mens schadelijke levensvormen. Slakkenziekte (parasieten) , malaria etc. Geneeskunde grote vooruitgang geboekt bij bestrijden dergelijke ziekten. Kolonisten brachten artsen mee, hier portal inheemse langer leven. Zuigelingsterfte erg minder. Contrast echter stick steeds schrijnend. Tropenziekten + geneeskunde (inheems). Waterregenwoud, veel regen korte tijd, verpest alle vruchtbarheid etc. Uiterste droge streken. Opslag zou oplossing zijn, maar enorm snelle verdamping. Rampenvijandig klimaatook in rijkere landen, Amerika orkanen bijvoorbeeld.A frika sterftecijfer blijft hoog ondanks vooruitgant, ook mede verge bevolkingsexplosie. Opvallend verschil in werkkracht en efficiency tussen gematigd en tropisch klimaat. voedingspatroon NOEM EEN DIRECTE EN INDIRECT VERBAND WAAROM WARME LANDEN HET ZWAARDER HADDEN? zwaarder werken in hitte, AC duur, slavernij & hitte zorgt voor verspreiding schadelijke levensvormen 2. Omgaan met de natuurlijke gesteldheid Europa en China Europa betrouwbare en gelijkmatige waterval + gematigde temperaturen. Voedselvoorziening in handen van mensen met vruchtbare grond. Mediteraanse zee, minder regen, slechtere grond betere bomen en veeteelt.Hier entry achterstand Zuid-Europa, ook door culturele factoren. Waarom kwam Europa zo traag op gang na Egypte en Mesopotamiegeografische liggingLigging in wouden/bossen, epidemieen/pandemieen/hongersnood/plagen/oorlogen. Later, technologie om land te bewerken, oorlog te voeren, meer mestmere voedsel, geen wormziekten die China wel teisterden. Europeanen waren gez onder. Echter zeer vruchtbaar slib in oosten. Overstromingen en droogte perioden in China/India. Grote bevolkingsdichtheid, er werd snel getrouwd. Europa pas laat trouwen. China tussen 1000-1300 verdubbeling bevolking, daarna afname door epidemieen.Steeds meer landbouw nodig om mensen te voeden. Agrarische revoluties. Trokken van noord naar zuid. Uitbreiding graanschuur en enorme concentratie op rijst. Arbeids en waterintensief energiemodelhydraulische samenleving eigen arbeiders, sterke overheid, niet westers. Werd ook tegengehangen. Tijd tot tijd, zonder autoriteit. WAT IS EEN HYDRAULISCHE SA handsLEVING? GEEF VOORBEELDEenhydraulische samenleving(ook bekend onder de termenwatermonopolie-rijkofhydraulische these) is een sociale of overheidsstructuur, die haar macht ontleent aan de exclusieve controle over de de toegang tot water.Ten grondslag hiervan ligt meestal de noodzaak tot gecoordineerdeirrigatieof gecontroleerde overstromingen, waardoor centrale planning en een hiertoe gespe cialiseerd overheidsapparaat een belangrijke rol gaan spelen. 3. Europas eigen weg In de 10e eeuw had Europa net een lijdensweg ondergaan van plunderingen, roof, oorlogen. Noormannen naar zuid-europa en oosterse contreienRussen. Geduchte en wrede plunderaars. Hongaren vanuit het Oosten, bleven niet lang. Hierna, door afwezigheid van agressie kon Europa groeien, mede door ondernemingszin (niet vanzelfsprekend).Tussen oude mediterrane wereld and moderne Europa zit overgangstijdkwam nieuwe samenleving op gang. Orientaals despotisme (alleenheerschappij). Hierdoor niet mogelijk eigen gang te gaan, belemmerde dus de ondernemingszin. Middeleeuwen tijd van overgang, Eigendom was recht Europa zag niet toe, reguleerde niet en onderdrukte niet, China wel wat betreft eigendom. Ook despotische regeringen in Europa, maar ingeperkt door de wet. Chinamuren om mensen bij zich te houden, niet overlopen naar rivalenAls er in Europa rivaliteit was tussen landen, goed jegens burgersanders konden ze ove rlopen.Er ontstonden gemeenten als marktplaatsen. Knoopplaats tot handel met platteland (hogere status). Heersers gaven macht aan stedelingen en buitenluiomdat dat meer oogst opleverde en tevens macht heerser uitbreidde. Middeleeuwen Europa economische revolutievoedsel, landbouwmethoden, INNOVATIE ipv UITVINDINGEN. WAAROM SPREEKT MEN LIEVER OVER INNOVATIE DAN OVER UITVINDINGEN? nieuwe methoden stamde al uit eerdere tijden, neem windmill (vertical/horizontal axis voorbeeld OF Ploeg op wielen door Germanen meegebracht