Pakistan Telecommunication Company

Despite having established a network of enormous ize, PTCL workings and policies have attracted regular criticism from other smaller operators and the civil society of Pakistan. Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) took over operations and functions from Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph Department under Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Act 1991. This coincided with the Government's competitive policy, encouraging private sector participation and, lately, data communication services.Pursuing a progressive policy, the Government in 1991, announced its plans to privatizePTCL, and in 1994 issued six illion vouchers exchangeable into 600 million shares of the would-be PTCL in two separate placements. Each had a par value of Rs. 10 per share. These vouchers were converted into PTCL shares in mid-1996. In 1995, Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Ordinance formed the basis for PTCL monopoly over basic telephony in the country. The provisions of the Ordinance were lent permanence in October 1996 through Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Act.The same year, Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited was formed and listed on all stock exchanges of Pakistan PTCL launched its mobile and data services subsidiaries in 001 by the name of Ufone and PakNet respectively. None of the brands made it to the top slots in the respective competitions. Lately, however, Ufone had increased its market share in the cellular sector. The PakNet brand has effectively dissolved over the period of time. Recent DSL services launched by PTCL reflects this by the introduction of a new brand name and operation of the service being directly supervised by PTCL.Mission To achieve our vision by having: An organizational environment that fosters professionalism, motivation and quality An environment that is cost effective and quality conscious Services that are based on the most optimum technology â€Å"Quality† and â€Å"Time† conscious customer service Sus tained growth in earnings and profitability Core Values Professional Integrity Teamwork Customer Satisfaction Loyalty to the Company Chapter 2. Products of company Products of Company: List of products or services: 1. PTCL smart tv 3. International Calls 4. Local calls 5. Broadband Wireless 6. Easy learning 7.Ip connect 8. Audio conferencing 9. Business DSL 10. Broad band Pakistan 11. VMS 12. Calling Cards 13. PTCL Plus 14. Vfone 15. 36 16. Evo wingle 9. 3Mbps 17. Evo Moblie 18. Ufone Mobile 19. Ufone Sims Chapter 3. Porter's Five forces model Five forces looks at five key areas namely threat of new entry, power of buyers, power of suppliers, threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry. Threat of New Entry As government of Pakistan is showing liberalism in case oftelecommunication sector and opened its policies to award new licensees to new mobile service providers so threat of new entry is high. ? As set-up cost is in billions of dollars so in this case threat of new entry is lo w, but there are companies who are working to achieve licenses and approaching PTA to know terms and conditions for this. ? As for this business companies need a well established distributions and franchises network so threat of new entrant is high in this case. Bargaining Power of Buyers Power of buyer is high in telecommunication sector. There are six market players and players are offering different packages at different prices and a situation of price war is running.Buyers have a power to buy any package which is suited to them. Cost of switching from one company package to other company package is low. Hence, power of buyers is high. Bargaining Power of Suppliers hat numbers of suppliers are few in the market but they are competing in the market to make agreements with mobile service providers. Threat of Substitute Products Government also gave so many land lines and wireless local loop licenses to different companies like PTCL wireless local loop, GO CDMA etc. hese services in future will be like mobile phone services like they are planning to offer services a lot but currently they are offering SMS and CLI services to their customers. Rivalry among Competing Firms in Industry Currently there are six market players but in future they will be eight and nine oe ven more. Thuraya satellite service is offering subscribers freedom of mobility and uninterrupted service. Thuraya's satellite technology supplements of existing mobile service providers, overcoming the challenges of large geographical areas and insurmountable terrain. ut will also generate new revenue streams for future growth. Thecompany also continued to invest in infrastructure development andaddition of network capacity with a view to enhance services and toexpand its reach across the country. SWOT ANALYSISStrengths Largest operational network and infrastructure within ICT(lnformation ; Communication Technologies) segment. .An integrated Monopoly. Market leadership in Local loop, Wireless local loop (WLL) andfixed telephony. PTCL (Ufone) is market challenger in GSM segment. Ufone is performing well though Warid and Telenor are toughcompetitors.PTCL, Ufone's profitability increased by 49. 2percent to Rs 977 million in 1 H/FY07 as compared to Rs 655million in the corresponding period last. Competitors still depend on PTCL network either directly orindirectly. Experienced Telecom Resources. Weakness Not been able to nurture its growth around customerservices oriented strategy. Paknet, the internet service provider arm of PTCL continuesto incur losses due to poor management and lack of network optimization. PTCL-V, the fixed wireless phone service is poor. Over employment & low productivity. Slow decision making including external interferences.Corporate culture akin to government departments Chaper. 5. PEST Analyts A PEST analysis is an analysis of the external macro-environment that affects all firms. P. E. S. T. is an abbreviation for the Political, Economic, Social, and T echnological factors of the external macro-environment. Such external factors usually are beyond he firm's control and sometimes present themselves as threats. For this reason, some say that â€Å"PEST† is an appropriate term for these factors. Many macro- environmental factors are country-specific and a PEST analysis will need to be performed for all countries of interest.The following are examples of some of the 0 Economic O social 0 Technological 1. Political Analysis:- Political factors are those which are directly controlled by the political parties and Government they could be able to influence directly in any situation or in any industry. So they create a major impact on any industry. Factors that Creating Threats: Political instability: In Pakistan Political environment are not stable that is the major threat for telecommunication industry because no one knows at what time Government will change and with the change of government policies will also change.Risk of marti al law: In Pakistan Risk of martial Law is always threat for all the industries and in the dictatorship they could not be able to explore themselves and do not grow as they could be. Terrorism: Terrorism is the Major problem that is facing Pakistan in now a days that is the most crucial factor that is hurdle in the growing in the telecommunication sector because o one knows about the terrorist activities. Pricing regulations: In Pakistan government dictates the pricing regulations so that influence the smooth working of the telecommunication industry.Rapid change in Regulations: In Pakistan Government is changing the policies very rapidly so that creates instability. Factors Creating Opportunities: Industrial safety regulations: Now the government of Pakistan is trying to give the maximum Protection to this sector and passing number of Laws to make it more safe and stable. Development of PTA: Government of Pakistan had developed Pakistan telecommunication Authority (PTA) o that help s in the establishing Business in Pakistan in more efficient manner.Investor Friendly Environment: Government is trying to provide investor friendly environment to give the more benefit to the investors and give them maximum safety. 2. Economic Analysis:- Economic factors are directly controlled and influenced by the financial institutions like State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). So they help the industry in giving economic soundness and provide financial aids to survive in the time of crises. ? Factors that Creating Threats: In Pakistan Although an proper Institution for telecommunication sector working PTA) but Government is influencing the working of that department and imposing the policies made by politicians. Overall economic conditions are not very sound: Over all economic conditions are not very good for any industry because rate of inflation is increasing day by day and value of currency is going down which causing increase in the value of loan payable that is another major threa t for telecommunication industry.Efficiency of financial market is not so Good: In Pakistan all the financial institutions are controlled by government rather then the head of financial Institution State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). Rate of interest is increasing day by day it is approximately 21% which is higher then any country in the world so it makes impossible for the telecommunication industry to take loan facility. Country risk of Pakistan goes to 3: Risk rate of economy of Pakistan goes to 3 out of 5 that is the alarming situation for the Pakistan as well as all the industries of Pakistan.Currently government has increased the taxes : Currently government has increased the taxes on the telecommunication sector so that reduces the income of the telecommunication sector some of the examples of that are given below etc†¦ Pre-paid customers were charged 10 per cent withholding tax on every new load, which was deducted in advance 0 With 15 per cent sales tax on every call increas ed the sales tax from 15 per cent to 21 percent for mobile users. Foreign Direct Investment: During 2010 telecommunication sector attracted US $ 142. 7 million FDI which was 26. % of the total FDI in the country during this period. So government is trying to give maximum benefit to the telecommunication industry. Lowest Labor Rates in the world:During the quarter ending December 2009, telecom sector Labor Cost of Pakistan is ery Low as Compared to other Countries so that is also an opportunity for the Telecommunication sector. Fastest Growing Industry in the Pakistan: Telecommunication industry is the fastest growing industry in the Pakistan that shows that investment is quite comfortable in telecommunication sector. . Social Analysis:- are working if they try to dictate the social factors that create the threats to that industry and if they work with in the social norms then social factors become the key to success. Factors that Creating Opportunities: The Pakistani people are more social: Pakistani people are more social so they have family system and they want to remain in contact with other through any means so that is the opportunity for telecommunication sector to capture the feelings of the people.Celebrate lot of festivals like: Pakistani people celebrate a lot of festivals on that occasion they try to make contact to their all family members and other at any cost these occasions are Jashn-e- Saharan, Eid Celebrations and other cultural festivals. They create the lot of opportunities for telecommunication industry so they make calls to their relatives articularly on that festivals. Population is increasing Rapidly: The total population of Pakistan is approximately 169,248,500. The population is increasing rapidly which increase the number of cellular usage and help in projecting high profits. ? Factors Creating Threats: Un educated People: Low Educated people could not be able to understand the language of telecommunication (ZEM 1. 0, ZEM 2. 0 etc). Th at create misunderstanding and create threat about the particular package. Corruption: Corruption is the major threat for any industry in the Pakistan that is because people re unaware and un educated but now these telecommunication companies are working on that like†¦. {Khamoshi Ka Boycott} (Djutce) O KRO MUMKIN (Telenor) These are all campaign to educate people and develop the positive behavior in that social culture.Destroying Cultural norms: Although these companies are bringing positive change in the society but also destroying the social culture and providing the negative attitude to the young generation of the country by providing late night services that is affecting the 4. Technological Analysis:- Technology is the most known word in the modern world so any advancement in the technology affects the industry if industry settles them accordingly then it opens lot of doors of success and achievement if they do not respond toward the advancement then that particular compan y goes into the darkness.Technology is changing the attitudes and behavior: Telecommunication technology id changing the behavior of the people and providing them opportunities to get the bright future. Impact on cost structure: Due to latest technology the cost of telecommunication industry is decreasing and hey are giving lowest rates to the peoples to remain in contact with relatives and with heir family. Introduction Of CDMA technology: Introduction of CDMA (CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. )Technology in the mobile Sims is also creating the Opportunities for the telecommunication industry.This technology gives less radiation then GSM technology. 3G mobile technology: The latest technology of 36 mobile communications has been earmarked and PTA will soon be inviting applications for 36 spectrum auction. This technology will increase operating capacity and revenues by using HSPA technology. Focus on increasing the Coverage: The current focus of the telecommunication industry is on increasing the coverage rather then up gradation of the systems they should up grade the systems to meet the requirement of the modern world.Conclusion: The number of macro-environmental factors is virtually unlimited. In practice, the firm must monitor those factors that influence its industry. Even so, it may be difficult to forecast future trends with an acceptable level of accuracy. In this regard, the firm may turn to scenario planning techniques to deal with high levels of uncertainty in important macro-environmental variables

Certain Catalysts Can Affect Change, Gow’s Away Compared to the Help

People can act as catalysts for change. Both Gow and Taylor use the main character’s circumstances to affect change in attitude amongst the other characters. In ‘Away’, Tom’s fatal illness causes the other characters to realise the value of their lives and become more positive about life. In ‘The help', Skeeter’s mission to write a book to uncover the harsh mistreatment of the African American helpers to change the white community’s attitude. In both texts the authors use techniques appropriate to their medium to demonstrate this change in attitude. In ‘The Help’ the character Skeeter is the catalyst for change. The change she causes is a change in mentality towards the African American helpers. This change in mentality is represented through Skeeter’s mother. Gow uses contrasting scenes to show the mother’s change in mentality, which is also represented through the general change in the attitude of the white community. This is shown through the juxtaposition of the early scene where Skeeter and her helpers are sitting in the television room watching an African American speak on TV. Skeeter’s mother finds them watching the African American and commands them to turn it off. With the use of a low camera angle Skeeter’s mother shows authority and power over the African American helpers as well as Skeeter herself. In the end scene Skeeter and the African American helpers are watching the same thing on TV. Skeeter sees her mother and goes to turn off the TV. Skeeter’s mother says to leave it on and joins them on the couch. The camera angle changes in this scene from the early scene whereby Taylor makes use of a low camera angle. Skeeter’s mother does not show authority or power over everyone including the African American helpers. Skeeter is shocked by this change in attitude, but is happy that her mother is finally changing her mentality towards the helpers. Therefore through the use of contrasting camera angles, Taylor shows a change in attitude, brought about by the catalyst of Skeeter’s character. In ‘Away’, Gow also uses the main character as the catalyst for change. Like in â€Å"The Help†, the change he causes is a change in mentality of the other characters. This change occurs due to Tom’s fatal illness, which makes the other characters in the play become more positive and realise how precious life is. The change in mentality is shown through one particular character, Gwen. The techniques used to show the change in mentality is the use of stage directions and dialogue. The use of these techniques show the way that Gwen changes her attitude towards life. At the beginning of the play, the use of repetition of the word ‘no’ demonstrates her negativity. This negativity is changed when Gwen finds out that Tom has a fatal illness and does not have very long to live. This causes Gwen to see her life in a different mentality, changing her into a nicer and more appreciative person. This is shown through the technique of stage directions in the final scene of the play, where ‘the applause is led thunderously by Gwen’. This technique shows the shift in mentality to a much more positive outlook on life. In conclusion, both Gow and Taylor show how people can act as catalysts for change. In both ‘Away’ and ‘The Help’ the main characters are the catalysts for a change in mentality. This change is a time consuming process, however both Gow and Taylor show how valuable this change can be.

Air and Water Pollution Paper

Carbon oxide and Nitrogen oxide are one of the many air pollutants this world is having problems with. As for carbon oxide and nitrogen oxide they fall into the category of a primary pollutant, or as so I believe. The reason for why I believe this is because when nitrogen oxide is let out and exposed into the air it can harm the growth of our plants and crops which results us to lose quantities of our food being grown. Also if nitrogen oxide is inhaled it can cause health complications such as asthma.It is a harmful gas that’s created when chemical interactions such as nitrogen and oxygen are combined together and in some cases it can become life threatening. Carbon oxides are the gases produced my carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that’s extremely poisonous and if exposed to it in any way or matter in can begin to reduce the bloods ability to transport oxygen. Carbon dioxide is associated with global warming because carbon dioxide is made up of fossil fuels such as gasoline; methane and propane containing mostly carbon in it.When these fuels are burned, they react with oxygen and produce carbon dioxide which is exposed out into the air which in conclusion leads to the pollutant letting sun lights heat and energy in but doesn’t let that same heat energy out. Nitrogen oxide is a harmful gas that is extremely harmful for not only humanity but earth as well. Nitrogen oxide effects both the ozone layer and on our global warming problem. Once the nitrogen oxide has made its way into the ozone layer, the atmosphere slowly decreases into the stratosphere where the shorter wave length UV rays destroy the nitrogen oxide.Carbon dioxide is a supplement to global warming by consuming energy and heat from earth, trapping it and preventing its release into space. Like carbon oxide is a Greenhouse gas, it effects and influence the climate on earth by increasing carbon oxide levels straightened to supply absorption  and  emission  of  thermal infrared. High levels of nitrogen oxide can be very dangerous to not only humans but animal life as well and it can be fatal. The lower levels of nitrogen oxide can cause damage to the delicate lung tissues in our body. For animals this can cause lung dieses which looks to be like emphysema to humans.Through the ozone layer, long term exposure to nitrogen oxide on animals leads to repertory infections. Plants are surrounded and feed off of nitrogen oxide; it has been seen in many plant activities. The gradient of nitrogen oxide can also guide the pollen tube to its destination located in the ovule. Some of the main contributors of water pollution are factories, oil spills, house hold chemicals and waste treatment facilities. Factories and large industries take a big part in water pollution because, most factories use very large amounts of clean fresh water to wash away waste and any harsh chemicals the factory is discarding.The waste-bearing water, or effluent, is discharged into streams, lakes, or oceans, which in turn disperse the polluting substances. The majority of lakes, rivers, and oceans all are polluted because of the basic everyday uses such as fishing, swimming, as drinking supplies such as juice and alcohol, which can result in harming the sea life. Oil spills caused by large boat rips in the body and oil drills in the middle of the ocean have caused a lot of damage to our sea. Birds can die if they get oil caught into their feathers, the birds natural instinct its to lick and clean itself and when it does it will be poisoned.Animals may surface and some come to la nd to avoid the oil spills but eventually die from hypothermia because their body temperatures will begin to lower, and those exposed in the water will also die once the oil has entered into their lungs or liver. This is why we must be careful and avoid polluting water not for our own benefit but for our wild life’s benefit too.

Green buildings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Green buildings - Essay Example For example, the solar panels installed in green buildings are very energy efficient because their source of energy never depletes. Quality of water and air in the green buildings is better than what it is in the non-green buildings. Levels of air pollutants indoor are generally much higher than their levels outdoor. Many of these pollutants, like the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) originate in the materials that are used in the construction of buildings, yet there are other pollutants like the smoke that is generated by humans. Likewise, Asbestos is a material that is used for insulation purposes. It is made up of extremely minuscule fibers that are light enough to float in the air and are taken to the lungs with breath where they can cause serious damage to the lungs. Till 1980s, Asbestos was widely used as a construction material. However, as people began to gain awareness of its potential threats to health, they abandoned its use in construction. Green building makes sure that no such materials are used so that the environment both inside and outside the building becomes conducive for better health. Green buildings reduce waste. They mostly make reuse of materials or use renewable materials including sustainable lumber and plant matter. Recycled metal and stone are some of the primary building blocks of green buildings. Some green buildings even reuse byproducts of industries such as foundry sand, combustion materials as well as debris. One potential outcome of green buildings is that they inculcate motivation in the occupants to save resources and not waste things. Green buildings have a proper mechanism of disposal of waste. In addition to that, â€Å"green building furthers the... Since the onset of urge in people to make the buildings greener, architects have been adding numerous piecemeal elements for saving water and reducing the use of electricity in buildings. The structure of green buildings is not much different from the traditional buildings. They do not have to be designed in such a way that would make them look different from the conventional structures. In fact, green buildings have to be very much like the ordinary structures. It is only the addition of certain elements and avoidance of others that lends the â€Å"green† tag to a building. Such elements include installation of a solar panel for capturing sunlight, storing and converting it into the mechanical power. It is more of the occupants’ style of living that makes a building greener than installation or removal of elements. Occupants of a green building are very prudent in their use of things. They tend not to waste water, gas, or electricity. A building can not be expected to be green if the occupants living in it adopt such practices that are not consistent with the requirements of sustainable living. Nevertheless, there are certain factors that need to be taken into consideration while designing a green building. For example, there is sufficient water and heat proofing in the green buildings. In these structures, the roofs are covered with thick layer of soil to maintain a low temperature in the building and save it from the effect of hot weather. This obviates the need to install expensive and environment unfriendly HVAC equipment.

Management of Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Management of Change - Essay Example A company's market potential is necessary for its successful and efficient performance, the basic elements of the company's market potential being its resources, strategic planning system, leadership, and marketing. Strategic planning is closely interrelated with change management. E.g., K. Warren states that "[t]oday's performance [of a company] depends on today's strategic resources". (1999, p. 3) According to Kleiner, the process of strategic planning consists of the following stages: "establishing the ground for the company's activity by means of determining its mission; determining company's main goals; analysing the company's environment by indicating all factors influencing company's activity; determining company's market potential, and its strengths and weaknesses; developing several alternatives as far as strategic development is concerned; analysing these strategic alternatives from the standpoint of the company's goals, vision, mission, as well as conditions in the environment and on the market; forecasting the efficiency of each of these strategic alternatives; and, finally, forming the ultimate strategy of the company, i.e. choosing the strategy that looms the most favourable for increasing the company's competitive advantage. (Kleiner, 1998, pp. 46 - 50) In the quickly changing environment, the modern organizations have to change continuously. Very often, managers utilize reactive approach to changes, which often results in decrease in their companies' competitive advantage, and sometimes even in ruin of organizations. Proactive approach to introducing changes is considered to be much more beneficial, however it demands profound knowledge of the basic features of change process, sources of opposition to these changes, and methods of overcoming opposition. The world-known companies have considerable experience as far as managing changes is concerned. One of the most efficient approaches in this sphere is organizational development that presupposes introducing step-by-step deliberate changes into corporate culture with the goal of adapting the company to the outer environment. Organizational development influences, above all, social subsystem of organization, and is therefore inseparably connected with HR management. However, technological progress should not be neglected either, especially in the IT sphere, and every company undergoing changes should develop the methods of restructuring technical subsystem. A problem that managers often face when introducing changes into companies is the problem of natural resistance on the part of personnel, as well as the company as a system. It is important to combine organizational development with reengineering of business processes for achieving a better result and decreasing the level of resistance. The essence of proactive approach to change management is that all changes are introduced with considering all possible obstacles that

Executive summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Executive summary - Essay Example In 1990, European identity was formed. This was encouraged by values like poverty eradication, job creation, environmental protection, war rejection, freedom and democracy, human rights and European culture diversification (Polonska & Kimunguyi, 107). American media had dominated in 1980’s. This enabled USA to dominate the whole world in terms of imagery and even power. Western Europe countries also started to dominate the media but in minor way. Through technological development, some parts of Western Europe were able to have TV channels. Introduction of satellites made communication easier but western European media failed to introduce. Therefore, the European media was sidelined (Polonska & Kimunguyi, 108). In 1980, European fought cultural imperialism involving itself more on the media industries. An initiative called European Initiative was formed. Television channels were introduced since they were known to be more influential. This led to the existence of the Euronews. Euronews majors on current affairs and news only. It started broadcasting in five languages but currently it does broadcasting in twelve languages. It broadcasts to 333 million households (Polonska & Kimunguyi, 110). Euronews covers all stories from regions and these stories must be relevant to the European citizen. Its journalists ensure that national allusions and references are adhered to. Journalists write their own accounts. The stories they give should balance view where objectivity is the main rule (Polonska & Kimunguyi, 112). Currently, Euronews is trying to reach the whole world. It is broadcasting in twelve languages. This ensures that it is hunting the whole world. Euronews is reaching many countries in the world because European Union is also going global (Polonska & Kimunguyi,

Difference between Noir and Neo-Noir Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Difference between Noir and Neo-Noir - Assignment Example All the films of this type had similar idea and topic. Often they described difficult situations that had to be overcome by the antihero. The introduction of antihero is a very important characteristic of noir style. The main hero was not noble and positive, he had many drawbacks, but still managed to make readers like him. The key element of this type of films was portraying the life of people with negative characteristics or bad reputations. The lives of criminals and gangsters were often used as central theme. The noir films were created in 1940 -1950 until the new term was introduced. In the 1970s the term â€Å"neo-noir† appeared. The difference between the genres was in the technologies that were used in the 1970s. Another peculiarity of the neo-noir films was their modernization, as they commonly depicted events, which happen at the time when they were created. Such type of movies appeared due to the great number of social attitudes. The noir films managed to change the views of people. The possibility to have any kind of relations with the antiheroes and not just to reject them was the main idea of the noir films. The noir films made people like and admire the main heroes. The position of the neo-noir films where one had just to observe and not to be a part of the performance was quite different. The theme of the film predetermines such attitude of the watchers. A number of new topics were presented by neo-noir films (Difference between Noir and Neo-Noir). The Double Indemnity is the classical noir film that was created in the 1914 by Bill Walder. The film was based on the play by James Keyne, which had the narrative character or technique. The Double Identity was included in the list of films of the National Register by the Congress Library in 1992. According to the critics, this picture is the most completed and recommended tutorial on the noir films. One of the brightest femme fatale images in the history of filmmaking was create by the Barbar a Stenwick. Experts state that film by Walder had become the model for a number of films about vamp women, who ruinously influenced the honest men. In the 1981 the movie was re-shoot under the title Body Heat. The title of the movie depicted the traditional state of the insurance policy of that time that provided the guarantee of the double payment in case if insured person died from the accident. A handsome insurance agent Walter Neff, the hero of Fred Murrey, met the fatal blonde Fillis Dietrichson that was played by the Barbara Stenwick. Dierichson easily charmed the main hero Neff. The name and the manners of the main heroine remind us about Marlen Dietrich. Dietrichson manipulated Neff and persuaded him to get rid from her husband and in order to guarantee the prosperous life in future gave the insurance policy with the double indemnity for signature to her doomed husband. The criminals had realized their plan skillfully. The next day the coworker and the friend of Neff Barton Kiz intervened. Not even suspecting Neff he turned the life of the murderer into nightmare. Keyne’s narrative was based on the real crime that was committed in the 1927 and stirred up the whole America. First drafts appeared in the 1935 but they were banned by the advocates of the Heise Code who considered the story to be immoral. The isolated detached houses of 1920s build in the colonial style were chosen for shooting. You can notice the script writer Raymond Chandler who had accidently been in the

Are banks losing their traditional role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Are banks losing their traditional role - Essay Example However, over the last few years, banking has changed radically and is expected to continue changing in a foreseeable future. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the principal functions of banks, the emerging challenges and the impact of market and global dynamism on the future of banks and banking institutions. The types of institutions performing banking business have been changing. Banks seem to be foregoing their traditional role. In many countries, the income coming off-balance sheet exceeds the income coming from the traditional intermediary roles in finances. Banks have become financial services organizations. The actual role of banks is increasingly becoming ambiguous since it is no longer clear what banks are or the details of the businesses they conduct. The actual definition of a bank seems to be missing. This has caused banks to be under intensive regulations compared to many financial institutions. Banks the world over are experiencing formidable challenges. Banking institutions have been losing their past monopolies and perceived comparative advantages. These attributes have underpinned the dominant positions taken by the banks in the financial systems. Banks are increasingly facing stiff competition from potential or actual suppliers of banking services (Fredrick 2005). Some of these include non-financial institutions of banking, capital markets, non-banking institutions of finances and money markets. The entry of electronic banking has caused the retail banking markets to become relatively closed (Skinner 2007). This has made it difficult for the foreign banks to enter into such markets. In other cases, the corporate clients are considering having in-house banks. Under this initiative, the banking operations are conducted through internalized banking operations. This is forcing banks to shed staff and closed down branches. The entry of new technologies and alternative means of banking services delivery is pushing banks to the reconsider rest ructuring to meet the demands of the dynamic nature of the market (Skinner 2007). Banks have been squeezed by inroads affecting their conventional businesses and ever growing competition, banks are swiftly expanding to unit trusts, insurance and life insurance sectors (King 2010). As these trends emerge, banking institutions have been coerced to conduct major structural changes in their mode of operations. Major structural changes have been emerging in the financial systems. There has been a push to increase the strength of institutions that deal with saving and investment businesses (Gap 2003). These institutions have a growing role in the modern financial systems. At the same time, the financial markets have been experiencing extreme dynamism. The world is having complex financial instruments and globalised financial markets. The role of the managers of institutional funds has been on the rise in the financial markets (Skinner 2007). The traditional distinctions between financial institutions have been gradually eroded. New financial suppliers have been entering the markets at an increasing rate. There seems to be a declining share of bank loans in the corporate sector borrowing (Skinner 2007). The money markets mutual funds have experienced tremendous growth. The business of the corporate lending has been steadily declining which the financial mar

What is good education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is good education - Essay Example Good education is something that inculcates concepts in the students rather than making them cram a certain volume for a certain piece of time and then forget that after the exam. In conventional practice, a lot of countries have such educational systems in place that heavily draw upon the students’ ability to cram. Thus, students who have greater ability to cram are more qualified to excel as compared to others whose short-term memory is not equally fine. In the long run, the fundamental purpose of education is acquainting people with knowledge. People cannot be expected to contribute to the development of knowledge unless they have robust concepts about the existing knowledge. In order to be applicable upon a wider audience, it is imperative that education is cost effective. Education can be made cost effective by adopting cheap means of delivery. Quality education has become unattainable for many people simply because they cannot make it to the colleges. Either the colleges are too far away or else, renting a hostel makes the people go out of budget. Even if some manage to afford the hostel expenses, they may not be able to adjust in the hostel environment and consequentially, their academic performance may decline. Hence, virtual education is a big step ahead in the way of improving the quality of education. Virtual education can also be considered as good education because it obviates the need for the educators to arrange rooms to teach the students in.

Did Religion Shape Politics in the 1980's Research Paper

Did Religion Shape Politics in the 1980's - Research Paper Example Examples of the churches existing in the 1960’s are Catholic and Protestant ones (Goff 316). By late 1970’s, other groups of faith started emerging, and it was evident that it would be the norm. People started taking their stand regarding leaders and their faith. Some leaders were identified according to their faith. Religion has been known as the social glue that binds the constituent elements of societies together; by doing so, it underwrites the social order (Djupe and Olson 114). When civilization comes in the picture, a person wants to know what makes his or her counterpart civilized. It is very simple when considering religion as a key factor. A civilized person has conviction in something, at least the person feels or thinks there is a reason behind everything happening in his or her life. The civilization of a person in a societal was based on the religion of the person apart from being able to read and write. Religion of a person is quite imperative to the person and to the society. Someone’s faith may be the key to having what he or she thinks is best in a societal setting. One can say religion is the engine of a number of things. Yes Response It is obvious that religion did shape politics in the 1980’s. The impact of religion on politics is what brought about civil religi on in America in early 1967. Civil religion in America was defined as an institutional collection of sacred beliefs about America as a nation. The civil religion also believed that there was a transcendent being called God. The citizens believed that God had laws and rules that governed them, and the fact that God was guiding and protecting the Americans. All the leaders believed in some faith including the Reagans although they never clearly showed their religion, they were known more as protagonists than religious individuals (Wilson and DiIulio 221). Majority of American leaders were identified with the particular faith they believed to be significant. As people became more enlightened about the civil religion in America, it was not referred as the civil religion anymore, it was known as the individual credence of a person. Religion played a noteworthy role in the early 1980’s. How can one explain the fact that every standing candidate wanted to be identified with a partic ular religion? It is so clear for fame or civilization. Religion, as much as it helped unite peoples, became a tool for hypocrites to hide their true colors. Politicians went to religious functions to be seen to support a particular faith. Some of the politicians did not even believe in God or any other superficial being. The politicians worshipped their social status and money (Peterson 121). When someone sees that he or she is sharing a church with a particular politician, it is quite understandable if the person would want to vote for that particular politician. Politicians employed religion to get power, to get people to trust their ideas and visions. Religion has been known to identify people that are civil from those that are not civil. It is normal for a politician to run for a particular seat in the pretence that he or she shares in a particular faith. When people saw politicians in their different churches, they believed they were the right people to lead their nation or st ate. There is no argument to this; it is not erroneous for people to trust such a person. Politicians learned about this fact, and they used it to their advantage on the expense of the unsuspecting

Current Police Vehicle Pursuits Policies and Procedures Essay Example for Free

Current Police Vehicle Pursuits Policies and Procedures Essay Why We Need Policy It is important to recognize that to use high speed methods in vehicle pursuit can only have risks reduced by un-holding a standardized guide as to how to proceed with the least of harm. The use of policy is an important element in any delivery of social and care service. Codes of practice provide parameters as to what needs to be recorded, how actions are to be undertaken and to realize the inherent moral obligation to ensure the rights and dignity of all stakeholders (New Jersey Police Department, 2001). Though, to provide consistency in application and resolution of dilemmas it is critical that report forms have an integrated presentation so that they can be used across situations, and across levels of staffs. Present Policy Currently there are written policies existing in every police station in North America instigated by the National Institute for Justice (NIJ). However, these differ amongst agencies, which has resulted in the indetermination of how best to deliver best practices in police vehicle pursuit (Alpert, 1997). A standardized form of pursuit policy would allow for better comparisons across agencies, and to quantify practices (Department of Public Safety, 2000). Recommended Policy Changes Develop and monitor a system to record information about pursuit driving. This will include narrative and multi-media forms, such as video, webcam and when necessary mobile camera and video. Continuous review and revision where necessary of pursuit policies. The quality and direction of these documents need to be valid and relevant and respect the rights and welfare of all stakeholders. Provide ongoing pursuit-specific training that includes ethical debating and written observation techniques Provide training and supervision across policies to ensure staffs in critical thought, inclusive decision-making and consistent deliver of services. Cultivate a culture of disclosure, reflection and critical analysis of responsibility for pursuit-actions amongst staffs. This includes having a supervisor read through and deliberates as to the appropriateness of pursuit activities in afteraction reports). Emphasize and make salient the ongoing risks and dangers of pursuit to guard against complacency of safety issues across time and experience. Establish a minimum criteria to meet a low offense as compared to a high offence to determine when a decision be made to continue or to initiate pursuit of a suspects vehicle. Train to recognize when public endangerment outweighs a decision to pursue; for example with incidents of traffic congestion Provide categories (ranking of criminal activities) and risk standards (rated from low to high) that allow staffs to easily and rapidly make distinctions during a chase Create a chase matrix from category scales to provide a set of specific standards that aid decision-making as to whether to start or continue a pursuit.   Conclusion Police pursuit is a controversial issue in social discourse, due to the inherent dangers to police, the pursued and the public. Formulation of a policy that adequately provides categories of risks and standards, and emphasizes the severity of the offence to determine if a chase is initiated or continued, appears to be the way to insure a consistent high level of best practices in pursuit. Ultimately, policy must seek to limit pursuit to only the most violent felons whilst resulting in the least risk to the public. Tragedy of road collisions due to police vehicular pursuit highlights the critical need for such policy. References Alpert, G. (1997) Police Pursuit: Policies and Training. Series: NIJ Research in Brief. Retrieved November 8, 2007 from http://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/164831.txt Department of Public Safety (2000) Uniform Statewide Pursuit Policy. Retrieved November 8,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2007 from http://www.ct.gov/dps/cwp/view.asp?a=2151q=294336 New Jersey Police Department (2001) Police Pursuit. Retrieved November 8, 2007 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.state.nj.us/lps/dcj/agguide/vehpurs_2001.pdf

Women and Marriage Essay Example for Free

Women and Marriage Essay Women are confusing, complicated, and they can stress you out sometimes. On the other hand, they can make your entire day better whether it is a smile, hug, or just to give you extra support in life. That brings up the topic of marriage and for what reasons women ever think of getting married. The word marriage can be misinterpreted, and thought about very differently depending on your culture. Marriage in the eyes of most Americans is to represent a legal way of which to express how much you love and care for your partner. Most Americans never realize that marriage in other cultures can be put in to play for much different reasons. One other form of marriage is called marriage of convenience which is a marriage or joint undertaking arranged for political, economic, or social benefit in which rather than to love each other you get married to gain more power. All things a side marriage in general takes much time, effort, and most importantly understanding. Marriage, if looked at without bias, most people conclude that women are the main targets in society for the fact that they lose much freedom, rights, and not to mention their dignity. Men, on the other hand, gain things from the experience and do not have to worry about losing anything. I know that seems like a very unfair statement for all the men out there, but not only have I done surveys to prove it but all men know the facts. In the past, women would hand over everything to their husbands once they got married in which they didn’t have much of a choice. If the women would not have gotten married they would have had to live with their parents until they did get married, rarely did women live on their own and if they did they had little to no rights. The husband would work in the fields and bring home the money; while the women (wife) with no say in the matter, would have to stay home watching the children, cooking, and cleaning. Women not only were mentally treated like slaves, but were physically enslaved; if the husband got angry and hit his wife, she would have no choice but to just take the beating. Also, in that matter if the husband wanted sex he could force his wife to have sex with no consequences for his inhumane actions. For this matter, in the past the men had full control and power over his wife in ways that if those actions were performed in the present times the husband would not only be ridiculed but punished several times for his ridiculous mindset. Women in time became more powerful and started to declare their independence from the current mindset of American men that tried to degrade women. Men always thought they were superior to women, but they never could have imagined that women would stand up demanding the same fairness as men throughout the entire United States. Women were not even able to vote or even make any decisions in life in the recent past. Men had all the power to make not only his own decisions but also make his wife’s’ decisions. During World War 1 when the men were fighting over seas the women took it upon themselves to go work in the factories to prove how much independence they really had. At that time women started to realize how great life could be making decisions and having dignity. After that period of time women started forcing America to change for the better and women started gaining extensive amounts of respect. Over time women started wanting equal rights throughout the United States so in time women started gaining rights including voting, working, and even having the right to live on their own. Many men thought that women were not capable of fulfilling the same duties as men but are slowly finding out that there philosophy is completely wrong. Over time men have been working in the same careers as women and even to this day gender problems still occur on a daily basis. In fact a huge change in gender stereotypes came when fathers would become a stay at home father as the women would work to support the household. The women of America have created a total revolution in the framework of our society. When women get married in present times they still lose some freedom, but much dignity is kept for the sake of womens’ fight in society through the years.

Best Model For The Welfare State Politics Essay

Best Model For The Welfare State Politics Essay A welfare state engages the responsibility of a state to secure the basic modicum of welfare to its citizens. It seeks to know whether social policies are liberatory and help in legitimization or help in the market process (Castles Pierson, 2007). In a welfare state, the government plays a big role in protecting and promoting the economic and social well-beings of the citizens. It believes in the social equity and justice in that there is equality of opportunity, wealth allocation is equivalent, and the people are philanthropic in that they help the less fortunate. In a welfare state, there is democracy, welfare and they practice capitalism. The Western Europe and the United States have been examples of welfare state models. The welfare state created by conservatives and opposed by socialist and labour unions has been of continuous debates on whether it is beneficial. There was the German welfare state, the British welfare state, the French welfare state and the modern Europe (Kenne tt, 2004). The United States followed suit and joined the western countries in instituting social welfare policies. The models dealt with mainly poverty relief but the modern models are universal in that they tend to concentrate on all citizens. Firstly, this paper is going to introduce the best welfare state model which seems as Social democratic model. Lastly, the reader should be able to know and explain the best regime by the end of the study. According to Esping -Anderson (1990), welfare regimes refer to bunches welfare states in terms of their level and quality of social rights and bases of stratification on which the welfare state is built. As Esping-Anderson acknowledged, the importance of the three welfare state models in Europe and America which were social democratic, corporatist and liberal (Castles Pierson, 2007). The social democratic welfare state believes in universalism in which all citizens are entitled to access the benefits. They believe in politics against the market. Examples of such states are Norway, Sweden and Finland. The corporatist welfare states believe in subsidiaries in which they offer insurance schemes. Examples of the states are Germany and Austria. The liberal states believe in market dominance and private investment in which the government helps only the poor and can provide for basic needs. The forces of supply and demand set the price of goods and services. They are the UK and the United States. All welfare states use either one of the models but to varying, extend. In the social democratic state, the criteria of citizenship are pervasive. The liberal welfare state is characterized by a stronger emphasis on means tested programs. In a social democratic state, individuals should be free and equal in the determination of the conditions of their own lives in that they should enjoy equal rights and equal obligations (Mookherjee, 2010). Rights to political participation should be distributed equally among citizens to provide them with an equal share of opportunities to act in public life. The democracy peace theory argues that citizens in a liberal democratic state are peaceful and liberal democracies have never engaged in war. Social democratic model puts more emphases on universalism, comprehensive risk coverage, generous benefit levels and egalitarianism. The state controls the economic and social policies. The state provides social services to its citizens and cares for the elderly and children. There is a high level of employment for women and people with disabilities. It heavily relies on the government provision to meet social needs and believes ion full employment as part of the welfare state. It is active and in the generation and maintenance. The social democratic model varies with others in terms of how it accords to the state, the market and family. While the corporatist model relies on social insurance and generous transfers to keep people well fed, social democratic welfare states provide a variety of social services and utilized the labour force to the best (Huber Stephens, 2001). Both of them are concerned with getting people out of poverty and are highly redistributive. The essential characteristic of the social democratic welfare is that they are comprehensive and inclusive, Universalist, redistributive, gender egalitarian and labour mobilizing. People can be able to apply their talents in generating more revenue or wealth for their nation. Profit margins are much more less than the other types, which leads social justice among the community (Glyn, 2001). The social democratic commitment to solidarity and equality gave rise to the universalistic and redistributive aspects of the welfare state. It advocates for citizenship criterion, which offer a basic, equal benefit to all irrespective of earnings, contributions or perfo rmance. This makes it better than the liberal model were one contribution to the insurance scheme determines his health care. In this model, citizenship is the membership in society and the rights. The gender is equal as far as obligations are concerned. The models views capitalist entrepreneurs as people much after achievement of self-interest. This tends to slow down the pace unto which capitalism is to be spread. Capitalism does not use the labor of undisciplined and neither can it make use of unscrupulous businessperson. However, there are those who can do anything to get wealthy as it the case of a Dutch sea captain. It therefore depicts that since capitalism is as old as human history there are those who are ruthless, may get involved into war and piracy to achieve wealth (Kennett, 2004). The redistributive model in the social democratic welfare believes that the market economy is successful in producing wealth. Unlike in capitalistic liberals where the wealth is unequally distributed, in this model there is equity for all irrespective of their social status. It does not advocate for health insurance as the liberal markets do. This is because it believes state health insurance schemes are able to achieve better results. The limitation is that opponents protest that the state should not engage in economic interventions. Gini coefficient measures the degree of income inequality. The coefficient varies between zero indicating equality and one hundred indicating inequality (Arnold, 2008). This means that in many capitalistic countries one person has all the income while others have none.. Inequality exists because people do not receive the same labour income, asset income and do not pay the same taxes. As CIA (2005) reported the coefficient was 45 in the US which is liberal state and 27 in corporatist country, Germany. The least coefficient was in Sweden, 23 which is social democratic country. In the social welfare state which advocates for equality most of the assets are owned by the state and it somehow controls wealth. Capitalism has a tendency of causing instability especially in cases of financial crisis. The claims for capitalism differ from the classical case for a competitive market. Some theorists such as Adam Smith had argued that presence of many buyers and sellers competing with one another in the marketplace would cause wasteful resource allocations. Capitalism has been associated with innovations and many economists argue that capitalism has to generate endogenous innovations. Joseph Schumpeter argues that innovations are normally a creation of business people and they are rules embodied in the new firms. The agents of change are the entrepreneurs who come up with new ideas and invest to generate profits. Limitations of social welfare states The social welfare states have some limitations. In a state where there is equality, the tax burden will be high to meet the expectations of the citizens. But it does not seem as a problem for the people of social democratic counties as labour market and taxation are balanced (Arts and Gelissen, 2002). Most welfare states are bureaucratic in that the citizens do not have much freedom since everything is being controlled by the state but the state to offer the best quality of services (ibid). It is expensive to run a social welfare state since the government can be forced to borrow to meet the demands of the people. However, the governments use that money in order to cover the socio-economic gap between poor and rich (Castles et al, 2010). Government interventions kill businesses since they dont allow for the prices to be set by demand and supply forces but the government controls the prices. But it gives stronger role in managing welfare (Ferragina Seeleib, 2011) Conclusion Although many capitalists will not agree with the conclusion is good hen a country is a social democrat than a capital democrat. The benefits of the social democratic welfares which believes in universalism is best compared to capitalist in which wealth lies in the hands of the few at the expense of others. The equal distribution of wealth and state ownership of assets as adjudicated by the Soviet Union in my opinion was the best. Though this will have been a topic of debate, forces of demand and supply should determine the prices of goods and services. This might lead to a monopolistic culture, which victimizes consumers. The social democratic welfare state believes in universalism in which all citizens are entitled to access the benefits. They believe in politics against the market. The paper concludes that it borrow some characteristics from Christian democratic state welfare, which will make this model a superb one. Countries using the two models have been economically equal unli ke countries like the United States where the gap between the rich and the poor is very wide.

Television and Media - Black Entertainment Television :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Road of Black Entertainment Television The media is all around us, influencing most of our thoughts and buying habits. Most of the media bases its shows towards many diverse demographics as to bring in the most viewers to watch commercials between the show content. But some of the channels are demographic specific advertising directly to a single group in hopes of banking the entire future of a network on that single group. One channel has been extremely successful in this risky business venture, BET. BET stands for "Black Entertainment Television". If not all, then at least 75% of all commercials are made up of an all black cast. Many of these commercials follow the same exact script as others with an all white or mixed cast. Companies are doing a very smart thing in doing this duel advertising for all other networks and channels and BET. Historically and culturally, the majority of blacks support black businesses. The slight perception that a company is black friendly will earn that company several millions of dollars more in profits. Denny's long had the national perception to blacks across the nation as being racist when it came to being seated, the time to get an order placed after being seated, and the time to get the order after it was placed. Several civil rights leaders urged all blacks to boycott Denny's. After Denny's claimed that it was never and had never practiced racist tactics, Denny's produced a new commercial, one that featured an all black cast and it was run on BET. There haven't been any more complaints since. BET had probably played a large part of dissuading the racist views that were perceived during the time before the commercial had aired. BET also markets some shows directly to the black audience, especially their main target, the black male middle-middle class to the low-middle class. "Comic View" is a nightly stand-up comedy show that features black comics. Sometimes there is another minority on stage (Asian, Hispanic, etc.) but the majority of the time there are black comics on stage.

The Decade Changing Realism Of A Common Man From The 50’s :: Essays Papers

The Decade Changing Realism Of A Common Man From The 50’s When all literature is written, the author or poet is influenced by the happenings of the time or era in which they live. What this does is give the reader a sense of how the author or poet perceives the time. In particular the poem entitled, â€Å"Life Cycle of Common Man† by Howard Stanley Nemerov shows a direct connection between the poem itself, and the time in which it was written. Nemerov uses his thoughts and experiences from the 50’s and 60’s to write a poem, which shows a brief overview of the life of a common man of the 50’s. The interesting thing about this particular piece is that it was written in 1960, which means that it was written when the changes of the two very different decades started to occur; furthermore, when the two very different types of thinking started to occur. The poem’s structure fits perfectly with this as well. Nemerov’s view of the 50’s is seen in the perspective view of his 60’s way of t hinking, possibly even being somewhat responsible for the change in mindset from change in decade. Howard Nemerov was a very different type of poet than the rest of the poets during the time when this piece was written. Nemerov had himself been in the war, and come back home to a new country of consumerism and routine. When the 50’s ways of anti-communism and conservative thoughts were on the outs and the more liberal/revolutionary ways of thinking and acting came around, Nemerov did not follow the path of most of writers then. Most writers of the time thought of themselves as artist making a social stand, Nemerov was not very keen on protests or big on writing about social class values. He more or less stood back and wrote from a more sarcastic, paradoxical way. Being known as a â€Å"satirist filled with compassion,† Nemerov wrote on his observations and gave his opinion of them in the tone in which he wrote each piece (Labrie 145). This is quite evident in his poetry from around this time frame especially in the piece â€Å"Life Cycle of Common Man.† â€Å"Life Cycle of Common Man† is broken up into three major parts. The first is a recap of the typical 50’s man.

Use of Generalist Fair Use Defence in Australian Intellectual Property

  Ã‚  Ã‚  The objective of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) is to protect those who create works, such as artistic works or literary works, as well as those other subject matter, such as films or sounds recordings, from those who would serve to exploit or profit from their labor, skill and creativity. But, what about those who use these protected works and other subject matter for interests different to the above? Such as for educational purposes or for broadcasting? Under the act, there are listed many defences to protect an individual or a corporation from infringement of copyright, or in other words, directly or indirectly, infringing those exclusive rights that the copyright owner possess, also listed under the act . These defences operate in areas such as fair dealing, educational uses, artistic works, performances, communication and broadcasting, computer programs, importing, copying by libraries and archives and judicial proceedings and statutes . Although the current act does p rovide protection, in the form of legislated, or statutory defences, it could be argued that a fair use defence, as is currently being used in the United States of America via their equivalent of the Copyright act , may be a more simple approach to this issue. The current legislation in some areas is specific, and in others, hard to understand. A generalist fair use defence may simplify the current legislation and also create less confusion for the individual and the Court system. But, there is always the risk by introducing such a measure, it may create loopholes, and at this current point in time, the Australian Court system is reluctant to import such a principle, although it has been acknowledged in obiter. It has been acknowledged, via legal forums, that the system of copyright law in Australia is complicated, and has been argued, through submission to be made simpler.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As introduced above, the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) was introduced in response to the growing need to protect individual’s creative works or other subject matter from commercial or other exploitation. The above named act provides that copyright is a statutory right, and abolishes any right to copyright at common law . The Berne Convention for Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, an international convention on copyright protection, which was first held in 1886, and has b... ...llip, Intellectual Property: Copyright and Materials, Lawbook Company Casebook, Sydney 2002. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Paper for Meeting with the Copyright Law Review Committee on 4 October 2001, Discussion Paper, www.law.gov.au/www/clrHome.nsf/AllDocs/ -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ploman, Edward W, and Clark Hamilton, L, Copyright: Intellectual Property in the Information Age, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1980. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ricketson, Sam and Richardson, Megan, Intellectual Property: Cases, Materials and Commentary, 2nd Edition, Butterworths, Sydney 1998. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reynolds, R and Stoianoff, Natalie, Intellectual Property: Text and Essential Cases, The Federation Press, Sydney 2003. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Simplication of the Fair Dealing Provisions in the Copyright Act 1968†, Comments on the CLRC’s Discussion Paper, CAUL: Council of Australian University Librarians, August 1997, www.caul.edu.au/gov-inqu/clrc-972.html -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Simplification of the Copyright Act 1968†, Part I: Exceptions to the Exclusive Rights of Copyright Owners, Copyright Law Review Committee, www.law.gov.au/clr/Simplification/

Cruise Ship Vacation vs. Land Based Resort Vacation

Instead of taking an ordinary family vacation this year, consider the rewards of a cruise vacation. As opposed to just staying at the resort you are visiting, you could be visiting a different country almost every day. Even with time restrictions while in ports of call, cruiseship vacations are fun and educational because you can visit four countries in seven days. From weekend getaways to world cruises, there is a cruise available that will fit within your vacation schedule. Although the three and four day â€Å"getaway cruises† are very popular, the average cruise is seven days. You can book a romantic getaway cruise to the Bahamas or Mexico from ports such as Port Canaveral, Florida, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Miami, Florida, Mobile, Alabama, New Orleans, Louisiana, Galveston, Texas, San Diego, California, or Los Angeles, California. If you desire to visit the Virgin Islands of the Eastern Caribbean or a couple of the Central American countries in the Western Caribbean, seven to 10 day cruises are also available out of these same ports. When shopping around for a cruiseline, you will find that most cruiselines are very competitive with their rates, Carnival is usually the cheapest and Disney tends to be the most expensive. All cruiselines offer optional travel insurance at very low cost. I highly recommend purchasing this insurance. It covers a wide variety of situations ranging from canceling your vacation because of illness or family emergency, to becoming ill while onboard, to having to be airlifted off the ship because of medical emergency. On one cruise, I became ill the day before the cruise and was very ill by the time everyone was ready for supper that evening. I had to spend the night in the ships’ hospital where I incurred a bill of $995. The travel insurance I purchased paid the bill 100%. While I have been on a total of eight cruises between Carnival, Royal Caribbean, and Princess, it is difficult to say which cruiseline is my favorite because each has individual perks that are unique to that particular company. Another factor that will affect the price of your cruise is the type of stateroom you will stay in. You have a choice of an interior room, an ocean view room, a balcony room, or a suite. The interior, ocean view, and balcony are all approximately 165 square feet each. The interior has no windows, the ocean view has one medium-sized window, and the balcony room has a private balcony (usually about 35 sq ft). My wife and I prefer the balcony room because it is so romantic to eat breakfast on the balcony every morning. The suites come in about four or five different sizes. Rooms also vary in price according to which deck you are on. The higher the deck your room is on, the higher the price will be. Taking a traditional land-based vacation to a resort allows you to spend your entire vacation in one locale where you may wish to venture away from the resort and do some sightseeing. Most resorts also have a variety of rooms to choose from. Whether you want to have your vacation on land or at sea, the first thing you need to do is decide where you want to go, then choose your accommodations for your stay. As the countdown begins toward your cruise, there are several items that must be taken care of. Probably the most important document each passenger must possess is a passport. This is required for all International Travel. A passport costs approximately $90 and is valid for 10 years. If you do not already have a passport, it will take approximately six weeks to receive one by standard mail. If your vacation is at a resort located within the 48 contiguous states, a passport is not required; however, one will be needed if you travel to Alaska or Hawaii no matter what method of transportation you choose. You will also need your driver’s license. Your driver’s license will be used for identification purposes when you board the ship after visiting a foreign country. Don’t forget to put your cruise tickets somewhere where you will not forget to take them. You would not be the first person to arrive at the cruise terminal only to realize that you left your tickets at home. Pack clothing suitable for the climate of the country you will be visiting. Alaskan cruises tend to be a little chilly even in the summer months. If you are traveling to the Caribbean, light, airy clothing will be the order of the day. Don’t forget to take a couple of formal outfits. Three to five day cruises have one formal night and seven day cruises have two formal nights. These are nights you dress up and act like royalty. Starting with your second cruise on the same cruiseline, you will also find yourself invited to the Captain’s Cocktail Party or Welcome Back Party! All medication that you will need on your trip should be packed in your luggage in its’ original container from the pharmacy. Any medication that you will need on the day you set sail should be on your person as you will not receive all your luggage until approximately eight p. m. If you are flying to the city of departure, make sure to check with the cruiseline for transfers from the airport to the cruise pier and also back to the airport after the cruise. These are available for a nominal fee and are usually cheaper than the local taxi’s. If you decide to drive to the cruise pier, you can expect to pay approximately $15 per day for a parking fee. Early preparation is the key to a relaxing vacation. If your travel documents are in order, pack your suitcases about a week in advance and avoid the last minute rush of throwing everything together, and possibly forgetting something. On the day you are to set sail, I suggest arriving at the cruise terminal around 10 a. m. This will allow you to beat most of the traffic, avoid standing in long lines, and you can be one of the first to board the ship, thus allowing you to be at the front of the line to eat lunch and sit at a table by a window. Approximately one hour before the ship sets sail, all guests and crew must be at their assigned lifeboat station for a mandatory U. S. Coastguard lifeboat drill. This drill usually only takes about 20 minutes. Next is the sail away party on the top deck with live music, dancing, and waving goodbye to the people standing along the shoreline. As soon as the ship is in International waters, the casino and onboard duty free shops will be open. Now it is time to prepare for dinner. You have a choice every night for dinner. You can eat in the main dining room (proper attire required) or you can eat on the top deck in a more casual atmosphere at the buffet. After dinner, why not take in a Broadway show in the ships main theater which is usually two to three decks high. A wide variety of bars and dance clubs will also be open to allow you to dance the night away. After a good night’s sleep, a full day of possibilities awaits you. Your first full day of vacation will either find you at your first port of call or spending a relaxing day at sea enroute to your first port. If you are in a port, please pay particular attention to what time the ship leaves and allow yourself plenty of time to return to the ship from your shore excursion. The ship is on a very strict schedule and cannot wait for people who do not make it back on time. If this is a day at sea, here is a list of some of the activities that are available onboard. Fitness center opens about six a. m. , trivia contests, scavenger hunts, men’s belly lop competition, champagne art auction, bingo, slot machine contest, ping pong tournament, karaoke, after dinner Broadway style show, spa, library, Internet lounge, shuffleboard, mini golf, yoga classes, rock climbing wall, and there are about a dozen bars to choose from including poolside bars, sports bars, themed bars, and several dance clubs to choose from also. You can also choose to do nothing and just lay by the pool and soak up some sun. The most hectic part of your vacation is over once you have made it through the traffic and waited in line to be processed as a passenger. Once you walk across the gangway and board the ship, you can leave all the stress and worries behind you. When you and your family sit down and try to decide where to go on vacation this year, think about how rewarding it will be to combine a world of fun with a learning experience the whole family will enjoy. Do you want to spend a week in a hotel with limited sightseeing available or would you prefer to spend a week visiting several countries with endless possibilities, and you only have to unpack your suitcase once. COM/155 Week Nine Final Draft

Economische En Sociale Geschiedenis

Samenvatting Economische en Sociale Geschiedenis 2013 INHOUD 1. Samenvatting Boek in the lead the industrial Revolution M. Cipolla 2. Kleine samenvatting Boek tree branch en Rijk D. Landes 3. Samenvatting algemene hoorcolleges Mig tell onie & Interbellum 1. Samenvatting Boek in the lead the industrial Revolution M. Cipolla Part I CHAPTER 1 study (p adforefrontces 3 t/m 52) Spain census of race, 1789, deal of existence estimations be rough and non precise. picayune societies. Not actu lend completelyyy turgid return of population in eighteenth ampere-second. funky foulness or utmost death ordinate is the cause of s low-pitched growth. So population of preindustrial europium remained relatively microscopic(a). more than in chapter 5). rule mortality rate occurs in shape age. Catastrophic mortality occurs in unfortunate forms, it far exceeded current fertility. Always forceful fluctuations of population. Needs dep block off on population size, geographica l meanss, and anatomical structure of population by age/gender/occupation & sociocultural factors. Cultural factors forbid/duty to do indisputable things. As long as a psyche is free to look at what he wants, what counts on the market ar not use ups, exclusively wants. Wants atomic number 18 both ex entreated by individuals and hostel merely scarcely have check resources, we have to make choices.Wants become efficacious pauperism when they are backed by purchasing mightiness. (expressed by purchasing superpower). buying power is based on income/statistical distribution of income ( state-supported/private) & level and structure of harms. Income and distribution Incomes rear be divided in requital/profits/ hobbys and rents. Preindustrial Europe was a strike contrast between the abject ruin of the mass and the affluence and magnificence of a limited number of actually(prenominal) gamy sight. Lyon & Florence 10% of the population controlled more than 50 % of th e wealth assessed. separate(a) rhythmment of wealth bags of grain. (reserves).Gregory King make accurate calculations of reference income, putting to good use each the material he had available in addition to his face-to-face observations. Poverty and odds-on distribution of wealth and income. People with no income at every last(predicate) told beggars. In France at the end of the seventeenth coulomb, beggars counted for 10 % of the population. near heap lived at subsistence level, no nest egg or societal security to stand by them in distress, altogether hope was charity. In antithetical European cities, there were polar push-down stores of beggars. umteen fluctuations in unemployment figures. In socio-economic classs of famine (hongersnood/schaarste) mellow numbers of poverty.Income dejection be earned or transferred. Transfers free transfers (charity/gifts) & compulsory transfers (taxation). many an(prenominal) mickle left field things behind for charit y when they kick downstairsd. in any case disasters and f atomic number 99s served to emphasise charity. When wad died from a disaster, their belongings went to the perform/hospitals. Besides charity, gambling and dowries were forms of voluntary transfers, they could postulate productive activity. Compulsory transfers taxation on the one hand, pl downstairs and theft on the another(prenominal) hand. Theft on proletarian hoi polloi because of famine, inequality of income. Noble people in addition earlier centuries of middle ages.Ransom (losgeld), outsize transfers of wealth. In early periods, with child(p) brilliance of alternatives to trade. afterwards 10th ampere-second, trade grow and strong in cities. (Permanent fairs). Types of demand expect for achievement goods, demand for function, demand for groovy goods. 1. Demand for drug addiction goods 2. Demand for services 3. Demand for upper-case letter goods Demand tail end besides be divided into 1. cloister ed interior(a) demand 2. general internal demand 3. Foreign demand confidential demand the lower the income, the high the percentage spend on pabulum (logic). The ridiculouser the bucolic, the higher the percentage spend on pabulum of summarize ingestions.The lower the income, the more spend on poorer foods, such as dinero (stijfselachtig voedsel). loaded people, less(prenominal) gist of rack up income on food. Symbolic value of food in preindustrial Europe. Rich ate a lot. Somethimes too very much. Purchase of tog was luxury. Epidemics, clothing of slains were passed over, which spread the epidemics. Plagues. People lived in small houses with many families. (rents were very high in large towns, compared to the wages). Milanese overt wellness Board issued rules for living, but poverty stood in the way of wisdom. Rich had domestic staff. depressive dis set wages favoured the demand of domestic services.Wages hitally did not represent the agreeal expenditures o n them. cost of food/living/ heating strategy and other items provided tot ser cutting edgets by their employers. Income not spend on consumer goods and services is vividly relieved. Nobody saves to the same extent 1. take income 2. Psychological/sociocultural factors 3. Income distribution. Obvious when income is high that there is more possibility of saving. Rich people could invest an step saved of their income. (Cornelig de Jonge van Ellemeet for example). National saving in Eng trim at the end of the 17th atomic number 6 geted to less than 5 percent of depicted object income. truly unfair divided income distribution. Even though England was one of the richest preindustrial societies, NO high tautness of income. Preindustrial societies were in a position to save alone if they succeeded in imposing miserably low standards of living. Flow of monetary income becomes pear-shaped savingwill be converted into enthronization. Hoarding preindustrial Europe, large amounts of monetary savings were hoardeddid not come upon financial market (under matrasses/socks for example). A lot of hoards were accidentally discovered. Hoarding because of fear (robbery and plundering). number one eleventh centrurydis-hoardingdivine activities.Building cathedrals, helping the poor, religious stooling. eleventh & twelfth century financed through dis-hoarding. enthronization funds euphoria. habitual demand Arose from the 11th century, only 5-8% of national income. Before the 18th century popular and private demand were divergent to distinguish. Distinction presence of CHURCH as patrimonial & economic entity. Level and structure of reality demand a. income open power (derive from taxation, public loans (forced), state property exploitation, agnize of the mint) b. wants of those in power (war/defense/ romance/civil administration/festivities) c. he price structure and of the community they control Public powers can emergence taxes income is function of their w ants. Public Debt= invention of Italy city-states. Moneys lent to the state by private citizens, mostly forced loans. Citizen would take interest on the sum lent. throughout the mall dayss and spiritual rebirth the public powers monitord to stretch out the tax base & to raise the rate of taxation. Parties Casuelles were in France the fiscal bureaus. In England and France the revenues of the chapiter rose. But also rising prices, festering population, increased wealth.Fiscal privileges for the nobles (adel) hit the poor hardercomplaints From 12th century some periods administration was make by noblemen (no salary). A major expenditure of public coin were embassies (representation). But war machine expenditure surpassed by far all the other expenditures. as well medical and educational services rose. Ethical & accessible valuepaying with public money so that ANY person (rich or poor) could get education or treatments. For example in Milan in 1288 had 3 of such surgeons. 1 324 18 of such surgeons in Venice. Education in the Middle Ages only private education (few).When communes arosepaying teachers with public money. Public schools arose rapidly. After 11the century. Education is investment in human not bad(p). Guns & warships unattractive form of chapiter, nifty goods middle fifteenth century public expenditure. Demand of the church building Church is authoritative economic entity in preindustrial Europe. Donations from counts/barons, unable to manage land themselves so they gift to church. Very large magnitude of such estates. Before the 11th century. Following centuries nobles/wealthy donate buildings and lands to the church. sixteenth and 17th century growth size of land holdings.Every now and then , however, church spanner down upon hard times in which uncool administration unnatural property reclamation was worst period before 18th century. dissolution (ontbinding) of monasteries. A lot of monasteries (kloosters). By 1550 nothing was le ft of incline monasteries, all possessions dispersed. Lots of income for Crown (benefit from sales). ReformationLombardy(-ije) before countries affected by Reformation. Reformation cuts into further growing of lands & possessions of church. The distribution of wealth within the church reflected the unequal distribution of wealth in society as whole.Foreign demand profits of trades with other economic systems (goods/services/wealth/capital & surfaces). Import/Export = contrasted trade. Exports are the response to foreign demand. Demand largely on food and textiles. finis sixteenth century, clothes 80% side of meat export. eminent transportation costsquality products, well do could afford these products. industrial revolution do it possible to buy foreign made products easier. Import/Export could be calculated by total GDP. (GNP). England best province with statistics on foreign trade. Henry seven (fifteenth centrury) 300. 000. 17th century 9,5 million, increase in volume foreign trade.In Portugal, ancient manufacturers destroyed. tidy sum consequences depend on qualitative structures of original trade. CHAPTER 2 The factors of toil (pages 53 t/m 96) Input is made up of factors called factors of production. comprehend (ARBEID) divide people in consumers/producers & ages of people. Preindustrial 1/3 under 15. 60% 15-60 years old before 19th century. Difference between preindustrial & industrial societies = composition of dependent population (consumers but not producers). Nowadays productiveness is very high, ratio of dependency 50-65%. Preindustrial work manger dead, start younger than 15.Child confinement palm summer. Bad treatment + female craunch (agricultural/spinning/weaving). Wet nurse sells food (mothers milk) & cares for infant (service). Of stinting and social importance. Sectors of activity Primary, Secondary, Tertiary. Primary Agricultural low productivity, high % of total people worked in Primary sector not all sunk, kill and eat it, very susceptible work Capital consists of extends and inventories. (raw materials, semi-finished goods, finished goods). Stocks of foods, spared from consumption capital. Creating stocks costs money. Nowadays ratio works capital to fixed capital is reduced. 2012, day of reckoning preppers however still exist-)). Working capital is continually turned over. continually coming back for reinvestment disinvestment is easier. STOCKS can be sold. QUESTIONL Why low levels of production of preindustrial societies and a vicious circle of poverty? investment was so limited because opportunities for productive investment were extremely limited. Not so much because of poor potential of saving. Natural resources (NATUUR) non uniform capital. Not infinite Land is a natural resource. Mineral deposits of silver, gold, tin, copper, iron, etc.Medieval people were aware about contamination more than during Industrial Rev. (Pitcoal). Forestsrules of cutting and planting trees. Later the rules became less heavy to the Europeans (during M. A & Renaissance). A lot of brick and marble in Italian gloss because they exhausted their forests very early. Energy of urine and wind for land-based activities (used on the spot), so manufacturers were re prepare were mills could be build. Organization labor, capital and natural resources must be feature in organizational forms which vary harmonise to technology, the size of markets and the types of production.Different forms of organization can coexist. Preindustrial manufacturing was concentrated on the workshop. Craftsman. Dependent on who gave order (merchants with warehouses). Mining and shipbuilding sectors. new capitalism manufacturing or trading sectorsled to modern capitalism. CHAPTER 3 Productivity and Production (pages 97 t/m 114) Production is the outcome of all individual and social choices acting on both the demand and the supply side. Labor, capital and natural resources are INPUTS of production. Output emerges fr om their combination of use. Determinants conk out education, economies of scale, proficient development, etc.Entrepreneurial activity is a necessary ingredient, but not a sufficient one+ human push of whole society. Medieval and Renaissance productivity levels technological advance. Agriculture (Slicher van Bath) between 1200 and 1700, grains yielded per seed planted rose. Fluctuation because natural resources, poor control over forces of nature. Animals poor fedless milk from cows, little meat. Weavers low labor productivity meant that production processes were labor-intensive. Building effort little improvement on productivity. Other sectors noticeable improvements during MA & Renaissance. Gutenberg 1440 printing press (drukpers).The main reason for productivity gain was technological progress. Still low compared to industrial society. Not only quantity is important n measuring productivity, quality also important, but less records available. Positive production greatest p art of production in preindustrial Europe food, textiles, buildings and domestic services. The foreign trade. Many people produced locally. Negative production the flip goal of men and whealth & contamination and the destruction of the surround. Destruction of men and wealth for policy-making or religious reasons. Assasins, Arsonist, Bomb-throwers. War - Labor (the military) and capital (weaponry) with the avowed intention of destroying. Industrial army greater destructive power. Preindustrial scarceness of capital. Plague destroyed men, not capital. broth killed, acres burned, vineyards destroyed. a. destruction of natural resources b. pollution of the environment with the waste products of consumption c. pollution of the environment with undesirable by-products of productive activities d. abuse to the health of those engaged in production In preindustrial societies less capacity for ban production. But even preindustrial societies managed to mismanage. 6th century increase d use of coal in England. Domesticindustrial. (Fumifugium 1661. J. Evelyn). Miners, Gilders, Potters, Sulfur workers, Tanners, Glass-workersconcern for working conditions of labor. Part II CHAPTER 4 The Urban Revolution The Communes (pages 117 t/m 122) After fall down Roman empire, cities fell with it. Economic decline. northeastern improved position, contact with south. Islamic invasion. downhearted and depressing world, rise of cities between the 11th and thirteenth centuries represented a impertinent development, which changed the course of history. Differences between separate of countries and countries. great migratory movement. townships grew because populations grew, high fertility & people from rural areas to cities. Migration push & pull factors. Town was a rear for macrocosm, economic and social advancement. Nobles took residence in the city (Italy). Cities became pose and centres of the power of the triumphant bourgeoisie. Citie WALLS. (protection). Towns were ve ry different in medieval and renaissance period. Emegence of towns was a social and cultural revolution. Unique personal status for people living in cities. Burgers Italian cities attack and conquer the ring territory ( conflict with central power of Empire).Germans not France got a monarchy very soon. England, cities demonstrable slower, very few revolutionary characteristics. even arrangements, co-operation among equals university, fraternity, gildthe commune were the institutions created by the sore spotter and which reflected bare-assed(a) ideas. QUESTION How did cities emerged from a portus (Belgian historian) beside a feudal castle of rising once more from the foundations of a Roman town, was core of tender society. Between 11th & 13th century. CHAPTER 5 Population Trends & Plagues (pages 123 t/m 136) scratch line impudently millennium, thin scattered population 35 million total. 1000-1400 population grew. Black dead came back in 1348, wiped out people. amyotrophic la teral sclerosiso wars, famines & epidemics struck again. En of 15the century 80 million. sixteenth century substantial growth. popning 17th100 million. Population of preindustrial Europe remained young and small. High fertility and high mortality. Marriage manay people lived in celibacy (celibatair). Avoided for economic reasons. Age of marriage differs from time, class and country. Average age marriage around 25. Many people which DID married made it up for the unmarried.Number of children innate(p) still very high. High fertility because of youthful age structure and high mortality. QUESTION Which types of mortality can be distinguished? Normal and harmful mortality. Normal mortality happens to occur in normal years. free from calamities (infants and adolescents) but WITH poverty.. While ruinous mortality also took adults. Preindustrial societies were very susceptible to calamities of all sorts. (WARS, FAMINES, PLAGUES (EPIDEMICS)). People literally died of hunger. Famines con tributed instantly to increase in mortality but also indirect by boost epidemics.Epidemics contributed most to the frequency and the intensity of catastrophic mortality. Balck Dead 1348. But also evey year an epidemic. Tyfus, bacteries, plaag, etc. Low growth rates. Begin 14th century several areas overpopulated, to prevailing levels of production and technology. Demographic growth big, public health development small personal effects of epidemics on given population are determined not only by the people killed, but also by distribution of age (fertility). Normal mortality usually lower than fertility, but later on a catastrophe start all over again. Citites survived because of flow from country to city.Epidemics by and by 18th century subsided. Pandemics. Mortality no longer assumed catastrophic proportions. fade of plague after 17th century. Reasons better building, burying corpses, disappearance of black rat? onverdedigbaar BUT ecological revolutiondemographic revolution, due to technological and economic achievements of western Europe. CHAPTER 6 technology (pages 137 t/m 159) Technological developments 1000-1700 Romans -Watermills, slave labor (cultural reasons for development stagnations). BUT we invariably think of machinery as we think of technology.Romans were very good in organization of military, administration, architecture, road construction). Main technological developments 6th-11th century watermills, plough, curb rotation, horseshoe, methods for harnessing draft animals. NOT inventions but increase in USE. All agricultural and sanction each other. Many horses used, better capital. Alos weigh for equipment. Also developments in human capital and water power, watermill used for all kinds of productions. Also aerogeneratorsirrigation end of 12th century. In 1745 a FANTAIL , sails into the wind automatic rifleally, 1st example of automatic control in machinery. 300 the compass, more mathematical navigation. Ship as capital greater value. Inventions spinning wheel and specs (BRIL). Beginning 14th century clocks, firearms and render locks. Ship building ship skeleton in the cupboard first during later middle ages. 15th centuryfull-rigged ships, all kinds of winds sailable. Time of voyages diminished + costs reduced. systematic knowledge of winds. Naval guns were build out of bronze. 16the centurycasting iron guns. This before mentioned provided a basis for expansion overseas. Technological innovation printing (Gutenberg) bible, before printing was very expensive.Press opened up vast in the buff horizons and opportunities in the fields of knowledge and education. propagate rapidly. Spinning wheel mainland China 11the century, Europe 12th century. Innovation small locomote through numerous minor experiments. After the industrial revolution modern science. Windmill originally Persianvertical bloc, European horizontal axis worked much better. Paper originally Chinesespread to Muslim empire. European paper pr oduced with machines driven on watermills. After 12th century lovemaking for mechanization of all productive processes. restriction SAVING DEVICES.Mechanical clock for examplefirst measuring time in different ways, from 13the century need for solution measuring time because of mechanistic outlook from people. Spread of clock churches, public buildings, etc. Consequences of mechanization in a number of sectors gains were achieved + mechanical outlook fortify more and more. Logical consequence that follows is a mental outlook, which takes centuries to develop. Also feared as a source of possible dangerous disturbances. scarceness of labor caused by epidemics one factor but were many more and tangled factors. Also mental attitudes and aspirations.WHY Europe so favourable to change? We do NOT know. The spread of technology 12th 15th century Italians leas technology invention. 16th-17th century Dutch and face. Through ages main channel for scattering of innovation has been migra tion of people. = migration of human capital. sometimes things unbroken a secret when economic interest were at stake. Spread migration of craftsman to other parts of country or other countries arch(prenominal) labor migration. Push and pull factors, bad for sparing of home country when people moved to other country. Sometimes punishments because of skilled movement.DRANG NACH OSTEN Dutch people went to east because of fertile ground. Bologna attracted artisans in exchange for privileges. Depends on circumstances if invention takes place in host country of skilled laborers. Qualities that make people tolerant also make them receptive to new ideas. CHAPTER 7 Enterprise, Credit & Money (pages 160 t/m 182) Enterprise and reference pedigree techniques organization of fairs, accounting techniques, insurance, etc. Many techniques developed between 11th and 16th century in Italy. From 16th centuryDutch and English great trading companies.Lack of productive investment because of hoardi ng etc. But cities grew and credit developed very rapidly. Sale credit, therefore consumption became higher. Commenda partnership contractsone or more give a SUM, used by other in business sort of of hoarding for example. Some as stock exchange, small and large savings. From 15th compagnia ( coastal cities). landlocked grew companies betterless risks (pirates, bad weather, etc). employment of shareholders unrelated to original family marked end of first phase in attach to history. End 13th century entries publicly authenticated. Italians double entry bookkeeping. 6th/17th oversea trade, expansion demand capital. Companies createdEast India Company, stocks and shares. Commenda not possible without MUTUAL TRUST & honestness in business. Development civil/ immoral legislation. Monetary trends Start 11th century parsimoniousness + monetary system developed. Middle Ages + Renaissance only coins. Chinese 13th century paper money already. specie measured in carats, pure measure of g old and silver. Is intrinsic value. During Middle Ages and Renaissance monetary systems progressed. Before 1000- denariuscould work in primitive economies. specie, 1 coin only.Until the 16th century until the Germans invented a way to motorise the minting process involving a watermill. Many goods sooner of cash (horses, weapons, etc. ) Growing demand for money after 11th century. 2 standards for coins (fineness, weight) Extreme in Germany every prince or individual town strok OWN coins. M=P+(C+S) Pmarketprice, M amount someone brought in, Ccharge minter, Sleft of worth metal Devaluationsincrease amount in circulation= bring more metal in increase P English relatively strong coin. France unstable (1290) devaluation and revaluation, preservation suffered in France.Also due to 100 year war. Countries coinage shouldnt belong to a king. Italy different gentler downwards devaluations than in France. Grossi, Piccioli, of denarius new phase with multiples of 1 coint. Bimetallic system with silver AND gold started in Italy. come forth of metals due to discovery of African coast (Portugese 1457, cruzado). Afterwards silver founded in parts of Germany, rush towards heavy & chunky coins. Silver Guldiner in Germany. Spanish came back from the States with gold/silver = Real of Ocho (Eight). 16th /17th century = intrinsic fineness. 2th century and onward banking activity deposits = intangible = ink. Money. Bankers appeared money changes intermediaries for public & mints. Depositors/bankers/payees. Bankers always hold certain amount of cash delivered to them in case people want to withdraw it. moreover a fraction of total amount in KAS. reserve. This is the origin of bank money. In England goldsmiths who rolled deposits and created money. Bank money constructive development. QUESTION Were there any economical drawbacks? Many panic, wars, high risks of losing money. Hurry to banks to collect deposits.Not all money was there because bankers only hold a fraction of tota l deposits. The rest was in investments and loans. Many banks went BANKRUPT. CHAPTER 8 Production, Income & Consumption (pages 183 t/m 208) The great expansion 1000-1300 Phase of expansion new technologies/growth of towns/new sociocultural environment/increased division of labor/monetarization of economy/stimuli to saving, all these factors encouraged economic expansion. 1000- when European development took off, cultivation of land. Fertile land, natural land. The Christian Reconquista made important progress in Spain. Territory got re-conquered.Drang nach Osten(12-13th century). As the Germans advanced, new cities were founded. By 1300 the movement had slowed down. The German tocopherol expansion was demographic, economic, political and religious in character. Very good land in the east (better capital and techniques brought with them). Expansion to commutation Europe, Baltic countries. Everybody in Europe benefitted from it. Untill Ind. Rev. economy remained agricultural. Rebuil ding new city walls. As were leading sectors there were leading areas. Union Italy, bridge between Europe and north Africa. Coastal republics and important crossroads.Seafaring activity was greatly extended. Economic trends 1300-1500 CHAPTER 9 The Emergence of the Modern Age (pages 209 t/m 233) 2. Samenvatting Boek Arm & Rijk D. Landes * 1. Ongelijke bedeeldheid natuur * 2. Omgaan met natuurlijke gesteldheid Europa en China * 3. Europas eigen weg * 4. De uitvinding van het uitvinden * 5. De ontsluiting van de wereld * 6. Naar de Oost * 7. Van ontdekkingen tot wereldmacht * 8. Bitterzoete eilanden * 9. Heerschappij in de Oost * 10. Gewinzucht * 11. Golconda * 12. Winnaars en verliezers de balans van de wereldmacht = t/m blz 202 1. Ongelijke bedeeldheid natuurInvloed van geografische factoren, met name klimaat. power structure betreft gunstig klimaat. Inkomen per hoofd bevolking in rijke landen in de gematigde streken. Onderontwikkelde in tropen of subtropen. Geografische gesteldhei d is 1 van de factoren. Eenvoudige rechtstreekse verbanden klimaat, in warme landen is werken zwaarder, hitte, lichaam. (neem als voorbeeld siesta). Slavernij in warme streken, anderen doen het werk. AC verscheen pas laat. In Amerika al eerder. Klimaatregeling kostbare techniek, weinig armen kunnen zich dat veroorloven. Arbeidsproductiviteit in warme landen lag LAGER.Complexe en indirecte verbanden Hitte zorgt ook voor verbreiding van voor de mens schadelijke levensvormen. Slakkenziekte (parasieten) , malaria etc. Geneeskunde grote vooruitgang geboekt bij bestrijden dergelijke ziekten. Kolonisten brachten artsen mee, hier portal inheemse langer leven. Zuigelingsterfte erg minder. Contrast echter stick steeds schrijnend. Tropenziekten + geneeskunde (inheems). Waterregenwoud, veel regen korte tijd, verpest alle vruchtbarheid etc. Uiterste droge streken. Opslag zou oplossing zijn, maar enorm snelle verdamping. Rampenvijandig klimaatook in rijkere landen, Amerika orkanen bijvoorbeeld.A frika sterftecijfer blijft hoog ondanks vooruitgant, ook mede verge bevolkingsexplosie. Opvallend verschil in werkkracht en efficiency tussen gematigd en tropisch klimaat. voedingspatroon NOEM EEN DIRECTE EN INDIRECT VERBAND WAAROM WARME LANDEN HET ZWAARDER HADDEN? zwaarder werken in hitte, AC duur, slavernij & hitte zorgt voor verspreiding schadelijke levensvormen 2. Omgaan met de natuurlijke gesteldheid Europa en China Europa betrouwbare en gelijkmatige waterval + gematigde temperaturen. Voedselvoorziening in handen van mensen met vruchtbare grond. Mediteraanse zee, minder regen, slechtere grond betere bomen en veeteelt.Hier entry achterstand Zuid-Europa, ook door culturele factoren. Waarom kwam Europa zo traag op gang na Egypte en Mesopotamiegeografische liggingLigging in wouden/bossen, epidemieen/pandemieen/hongersnood/plagen/oorlogen. Later, technologie om land te bewerken, oorlog te voeren, meer mestmere voedsel, geen wormziekten die China wel teisterden. Europeanen waren gez onder. Echter zeer vruchtbaar slib in oosten. Overstromingen en droogte perioden in China/India. Grote bevolkingsdichtheid, er werd snel getrouwd. Europa pas laat trouwen. China tussen 1000-1300 verdubbeling bevolking, daarna afname door epidemieen.Steeds meer landbouw nodig om mensen te voeden. Agrarische revoluties. Trokken van noord naar zuid. Uitbreiding graanschuur en enorme concentratie op rijst. Arbeids en waterintensief energiemodelhydraulische samenleving eigen arbeiders, sterke overheid, niet westers. Werd ook tegengehangen. Tijd tot tijd, zonder autoriteit. WAT IS EEN HYDRAULISCHE SA handsLEVING? GEEF VOORBEELDEenhydraulische samenleving(ook bekend onder de termenwatermonopolie-rijkofhydraulische these) is een sociale of overheidsstructuur, die haar macht ontleent aan de exclusieve controle over de de toegang tot water.Ten grondslag hiervan ligt meestal de noodzaak tot gecoordineerdeirrigatieof gecontroleerde overstromingen, waardoor centrale planning en een hiertoe gespe cialiseerd overheidsapparaat een belangrijke rol gaan spelen. 3. Europas eigen weg In de 10e eeuw had Europa net een lijdensweg ondergaan van plunderingen, roof, oorlogen. Noormannen naar zuid-europa en oosterse contreienRussen. Geduchte en wrede plunderaars. Hongaren vanuit het Oosten, bleven niet lang. Hierna, door afwezigheid van agressie kon Europa groeien, mede door ondernemingszin (niet vanzelfsprekend).Tussen oude mediterrane wereld and moderne Europa zit overgangstijdkwam nieuwe samenleving op gang. Orientaals despotisme (alleenheerschappij). Hierdoor niet mogelijk eigen gang te gaan, belemmerde dus de ondernemingszin. Middeleeuwen tijd van overgang, Eigendom was recht Europa zag niet toe, reguleerde niet en onderdrukte niet, China wel wat betreft eigendom. Ook despotische regeringen in Europa, maar ingeperkt door de wet. Chinamuren om mensen bij zich te houden, niet overlopen naar rivalenAls er in Europa rivaliteit was tussen landen, goed jegens burgersanders konden ze ove rlopen.Er ontstonden gemeenten als marktplaatsen. Knoopplaats tot handel met platteland (hogere status). Heersers gaven macht aan stedelingen en buitenluiomdat dat meer oogst opleverde en tevens macht heerser uitbreidde. Middeleeuwen Europa economische revolutievoedsel, landbouwmethoden, INNOVATIE ipv UITVINDINGEN. WAAROM SPREEKT MEN LIEVER OVER INNOVATIE DAN OVER UITVINDINGEN? nieuwe methoden stamde al uit eerdere tijden, neem windmill (vertical/horizontal axis voorbeeld OF Ploeg op wielen door Germanen meegebracht